(natural systems; natural resources and other

objects of protection; specially protected

territories and objects)

The objects of environmental protection are understood as its components that are in ecological relationship, the relations for the use and protection of which are regulated by law, since they are of economic, environmental, recreational and other interest. Objects are classified into three groups.

This group includes ecological systems and the ozone layer, which are of global importance. They provide a continuous process of exchange of substances and energy within nature, between nature and man, representing the natural habitat of man. As already noted, under the surrounding
the common environment and its protected objects are understood only as natural components: the circle of natural habitat protected by law does not include commodity-material objects created by man; parts of nature that have come out of an ecological connection with nature (water withdrawn from it - in a tap, withdrawn from natural conditions. animals); elements of nature that do not currently represent social value or whose protection is not yet possible.

For example, the ozone layer is the most important part of the near-Earth space, which seriously affects the state of heat exchange between the Earth and Space. States are taking measures to protect it (they are discussed in more detail in the topic on the protection of atmospheric air). Not all of them are implemented sufficiently. It is even more difficult for states to come to an agreement and protect the spaces more remote from the Earth from pollution by aircraft, research and observation devices.

Natural or geographical landscapes are subject to protection - natural complexes, which include natural components that are in interaction, forming a terrain. Typical landscapes are mountainous, foothills, flat, hilly, lowlands. They are taken into account and used in the construction of cities, laying roads, organizing tourism.

Thus, what is located on the territory of Russia or above it, as well as what can be protected with the help of modern technical means and through legal regulation, is subject to protection from pollution, damage, damage, depletion, destruction.

There are six main individual natural resources and objects to be protected: land, its subsoil, water, forests, wildlife, atmospheric

air (separate topics of the special part of the textbook are devoted to the analysis of their protection).

Under the ground is understood the surface covering the fertile soil layer. The most valuable are agricultural lands intended for agriculture (arable land) and animal husbandry. They cannot be replaced by anything, are exposed to wind and water erosion, clogging and pollution, and therefore deserve increased protection. Agricultural lands make up 37% of all land in the country, but their area is constantly decreasing due to the growth of cities, the construction of roads, reservoirs, the laying of power lines and communications. Non-agricultural lands serve as a spatial operational basis for accommodating other sectors of the national economy.

Subsoil is considered to be a part of the earth's crust, located below the soil layer and the bottom of water bodies, extending to the depths available for study and development. The subsoil also includes the surface of the earth if it contains mineral reserves. There are two main problems - the integrated use of mineral resources due to their non-renewability and the disposal of waste, especially toxic ones, in the bowels. Legal regulation of the protection of the earth's subsoil is carried out in the Federal Law "On Subsoil" of 19951

Water - all water in water bodies. Waters can be surface and underground; a water body is a concentration of waters on the surface of the land in the forms of its relief or in the depths, having boundaries, volume and features of the water regime. The main task in the use of water is to ensure adequate drinking water supply, prevention of pollution and depletion of water from industrial and domestic discharges2. The main act in this area is the 1995 VK RF3

The objects of protection are forests and other vegetation, their main function is to satisfy the needs for wood, produce oxygen ("lungs of the planet"), and recreation. Problems - cutting, littering, fires, reforestation4. The main legal regulation of the protection, rational use and protection of forests is carried out by the RF Labor Code of 1997.

The animal world, microorganisms, the genetic fund are also objects of environmental protection. The animal world is a collection of living organisms of all kinds of wild animals permanently or temporarily inhabiting the territory of Russia and being in a state of natural freedom, as well as related to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of Russia1. Its protection is carried out on the basis of the Federal Law "On the Animal World" of 19952

Microorganisms or microflora are microbes, predominantly unicellular protozoa - bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, visible only under a microscope, are found in soil, water, food, and the human body3. Science ceases to divide them into useful and disease-causing ones: in an ecological relationship, they are part of the habitat and therefore are subject to study.

A protected genetic fund is understood as a set of species of living organisms with their manifested and potential hereditary inclinations4. The degradation of the natural environment can lead to irreversible changes in plants and animals, to the appearance of mutants, i.e. individuals with unusual genetic characteristics.

A peculiar object of protection is the atmospheric air, which embodies the natural environment surrounding a person. Prevention of noise and radiation - specific effects on humans, transmitted mainly through the atmospheric air - are considered to be current topical problems. Its protection is carried out in accordance with the Law of the RSFSR "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" of 19825

All attainable natural objects - components of the environment are subject to protection, but specially allocated territories and parts of nature deserve special protection. In our country, their territory is about 1.2%. These are nature reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments, endangered species of plants and animals listed in the Red Book.

The regulation of their protection and use is carried out on the basis of the Federal Law "On Natural Medical Resources, Health Resorts and Resorts" of 19956 and the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" of 19951 The main problems are the preservation and expansion of specially protected territories and objects and maintaining the declared special conservation regime in them (a special topic is also devoted to their consideration).

Control questions

What are the principles of environmental protection?

What are the basic principles of environmental protection?

What does sustainable development mean and what is its main strategy?

What forms of legal support of environmental relations are used?

What are the principles and foundations of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection? What is their meaning? What is their legal nature?

What is the classification of environmental protection objects?

What six major natural resources are subject to legal protection?

The concept of environmental protection

Environment is one of the most fundamental categories of modern science and practice, which is on a par with such categories as peace, economy, society, democracy. The environment is the object of legal regulation of public relations regarding nature, both at the national and international legislative levels.

Environmental protection is a system of measures aimed at ensuring favorable and safe conditions for the environment and human life.

Environmental protection is a new form of human interaction with nature. This form of interaction has appeared in modern conditions and is a system of state and public measures that have as their goal the harmonious development and interaction of society and nature, the preservation of existing ecological communities and natural resources.

Remark 1

The most important environmental factors are atmospheric air, indoor air, soil and water. Environmental protection consists in the conservation and restoration of natural resources in order to prevent the negative impact of man on nature and human health.

The problem of environmental protection has recently become one of the most important tasks, because in recent years irreversible changes in nature have begun to occur, which negatively affect human health. As a result of massive pollution of the natural environment, these problems have acquired an international character and have grown into a problem for the entire planet.

Definition 1

Under environmental protection It is customary to understand the totality of international, state and regional measures to protect the environment, enshrined in legal acts, instructions and standards and bringing the requirements to each specific polluter.

The protection of the natural environment consists of:

1. legal protection in the form of legal laws;
2. financial incentives for environmental protection activities;
3. engineering protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology.

In accordance with Russian legislation, the objects of environmental protection are (Fig. 1):

• land, subsoil, soil;
• water: surface and underground;
• forests, plant and animal organisms and their gene pool;
• atmospheric air, the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space.

Figure 1. Objects of environmental protection

First of all, natural ecological systems, natural complexes and natural landscapes that have not been subjected to anthropogenic impact are under protection.

Under special protection are objects included in the World Cultural Heritage List and the World Natural Heritage List, state nature reserves and reserves, natural monuments and national, natural and dendrological parks, botanical gardens, health resorts and resorts, original habitats, places of traditional residence and economic activities of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation, objects that have a special environmental, scientific, historical and cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health value, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as rare soils, forests, flora and fauna which are endangered.

Basic principles of environmental protection

The main principles of environmental protection are:

• economic activity that has an impact on the environment. The subjects of this activity are the state authorities of the Russian Federation and its subjects, local governments, legal entities and individuals;
• observance of human rights to a healthy environment;
• providing favorable conditions for human life;
• a combination of economic, environmental and social interests of the state, society and a person with the aim of sustainable development of a favorable environment;
• rational use of natural resources, which is a necessary condition for ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety;
• responsibility of public authorities and local governments for ensuring environmental safety and creating a favorable environment;
• payment for nature use, including compensation for damage to the environment;
• independence of control in the field of environmental protection;
• mandatory assessment of environmental impacts of certain activities when making decisions;
• taking into account the natural and socio-economic characteristics of the territories in the implementation of economic activities on them;
• priority of conservation of natural ecological systems;
• observance of the rights of citizens to the reliability of information about the environment;
• liability for violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection;
• system development

Subject, methods and system of environmental law

The concept and subject of environmental law.

The concept of ecology was first proposed only in 1866 by the German naturalist Ernst Haeckel and initially had a purely biological character. Namely, it denoted the science of the processes of self-regulation that arose in the communities of organisms during their interaction with each other and with the environment. Literally translated from Greek, it means "eco" - a house, dwelling, place of stay, "logos" - teaching.

Since the 30s of the 20th century, the sociocultural direction of ecology began to develop. Since it took a scientific approach to the study of the relationship between man, society and the biosphere.

A section of social ecology is legal ecology or, in other words, environmental law. Historically, there have been two main forms of interaction between society and nature:

1. Consumption of natural resources of a person to satisfy a person of his material and spiritual needs. This form can be called the economic form of interaction.
2. Environmental protection in order to preserve a person as a biological and social organism, as well as the protection of his habitat. This form can be called an ecological form of interaction.

The subject of environmental law is public relations in the field of interaction between society and nature. Public relations because these are relations between subjects of law regarding one form or another of the use of natural resources or environmental protection.

These relationships are divided into:

1. Industry relations, that is, relations on the use and protection of land, subsoil, forests, waters, wildlife, atmospheric air.
2. The relations are complex, regarding the protection and use of natural complexes in the aggregate (reserves, sanctuaries, other specially protected natural areas, sanitary zones, recreational zones, etc.).

The objects of ecological relations are either individual natural objects or entire natural complexes.

The subjects of environmental relations are, on the one hand, the state represented by a specially authorized body as a mandatory participant in such relations, and on the other hand, an economic entity, it can be a legal entity of any organizational and legal form and form of ownership, and an individual. There are no legal relations between individuals or between legal entities.

Based on the foregoing, the following definition can be given.

Environmental law is a set of legal norms that regulate social relations in the field of interaction between society and nature in the interests of preserving and rationally using the natural environment for present and future generations.

Method.

The basis of the emergence of environmental legal relations is the method of legal regulation. A method is a way of influencing public environmental legal relations. In environmental law, the following methods are common:

1. Administrative-legal method. It is based on relations of power and subordination and, accordingly, proceeds from the unequal position of the parties. For example: any manufacturing enterprise in its activities emits harmful pollutants into the air, but this right is not natural, but is exercised only on the basis of a permit issued by a specially authorized state body, which indicates the volume of emissions, period, fee and other conditions.
2. Civil law method. Unlike the first one, it is based on the equality of the parties and on economic instruments of regulation. For example: between a specially authorized state body and an economic entity, an agreement can be concluded for the use of a certain natural resource (lease agreement for a forest plot), in which the parties have approximately the same rights and obligations. Such relations are regulated not only by forest legislation, but also by civil law.
3. Ecological method. Means that all other areas of legislation must comply with currently established environmental rules, norms, regulations, etc. (fuel classes (Euro 1, Euro 2)).

The system of environmental law is a set of its institutions arranged in a certain sequence in accordance with environmental laws.

EP can be considered:

1. As a branch of law

2. As an academic discipline

3. As a science.

As an academic discipline and science, environmental law includes general, special and special parts. The general part studies: the concept, subject, method, sources, objects of protection, ownership of natural resources, state management in the field of state environment protection, environmental expertise, audit, certification, supervision, control, liability for environmental offenses and some other issues. A special part studies issues related to the use and protection of individual natural resources or entire natural complexes. A special part studies environmental law in foreign countries and international environmental law.

As a branch of law, environmental law consists of two subsystems: pyroprotection law and natural resource law.

Environmental law studies: general provisions, goals and objectives of protection, basic principles of protection, environmental rights of citizens, economic mechanism for environmental protection, regulation in this area, dispute resolution, liability for environmental offenses, international cooperation in this area.

Natural resource law consists of land, water, forest, mountain, faunistic, air protection law.

Each of these resource sectors has a common and a special part.

Objects of environmental protection

Article 4 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" defines the following objects of environmental protection:

1. The objects of environmental protection from pollution, depletion, degradation, damage, destruction and other negative impact of economic and other activities are:

land, subsoil, soil;

surface and ground waters;

· forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their genetic fund;

Atmospheric air, the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space.

They are called classical objects.

2. As a matter of priority, natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes that have not been subjected to anthropogenic impact shall be subject to protection - objects untouched by anthropogenic activity.

3. Objects included in the World Heritage List, state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves, state nature reserves, natural monuments, national, natural and dendrological parks, botanical gardens, medical and recreational areas and resorts, other natural complexes, are subject to special protection, native habitat, places of traditional residence and economic activities of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation, objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other value, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as rare or endangered soils, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their habitats.

Chapter 9 of the Federal Law establishes natural objects that are under special protection.

Article 58. Measures for the protection of natural objects

1. Natural objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other value value are under special protection. To protect such natural objects, a special legal regime is established, including the creation of specially protected natural areas.

2. The procedure for the creation and functioning of specially protected natural territories is regulated by the legislation on specially protected natural territories.

3. State natural reserves, including state natural biosphere reserves, state natural reserves, natural monuments, national parks, dendrological parks, natural parks, botanical gardens and other specially protected areas, natural objects that have special environmental, scientific, historical and cultural , aesthetic, recreational, health-improving and other valuable value, form a natural reserve fund.

4. Withdrawal of lands of the natural reserve fund is prohibited, with the exception of cases provided for by federal laws.

5. Lands within the boundaries of the territories on which natural objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health-improving and other valuable significance and are under special protection are located are not subject to privatization.

Article 59. Legal regime for the protection of natural objects

1. The legal regime for the protection of natural objects is established by the legislation in the field of environmental protection, as well as other legislation of the Russian Federation.

2. Economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment and lead to the degradation and (or) destruction of natural objects that have special environmental, scientific, historical and cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance and are under special protection are prohibited. .

Article 60. Protection of rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms

1. In order to protect and record rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are established. Plants, animals and other organisms belonging to the species listed in the Red Books are everywhere subject to withdrawal from economic use. In order to preserve rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, their genetic fund must be preserved in low-temperature genetic banks, as well as in an artificially created habitat. Activities leading to a reduction in the number of these plants, animals and other organisms and worsening their habitat are prohibited.

2. The procedure for the protection of rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, the procedure for maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation, the red books of the subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as the procedure for preserving their genetic fund in low-temperature genetic banks and in an artificially created habitat is determined by legislation in the field of environmental protection.

3. Import into the Russian Federation, export from the Russian Federation and transit transportation through the Russian Federation, as well as circulation of rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, their especially valuable species, including plants, animals and other organisms falling under under the effect of international treaties of the Russian Federation, is regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation, taking into account the generally recognized principles and norms of international law.

Article 61. Protection of the green fund of urban and rural settlements

The objects of environmental protection are understood as its components that are in ecological relationship, the relations for the use and protection of which are regulated by the Law, since they are of economic, environmental, recreational and other interest. Objects are classified into three groups.

I.natural systems. This group includes ecological systems and the ozone layer, which are of global importance. They provide a continuous process of exchange of substances and energy within nature, between nature and man, representing the natural habitat of man.

The ozone layer is the most important part of the near-Earth space, which seriously affects the state of heat exchange between the Earth and Space. States are taking steps to protect it. Not all of them are implemented sufficiently. It is even more difficult for states to come to an agreement and protect the spaces more remote from the Earth from pollution by aircraft, research and observation devices.

Natural or geographical landscapes are subject to protection - natural complexes, which include natural components that are in interaction, forming a terrain. Typical landscapes are mountainous, foothills, flat, hilly, lowlands. They are taken into account and used in the construction of cities, laying roads, organizing tourism.

Thus, what is located on the territory of Russia or above it, as well as what can be protected with the help of modern technical means and through legal regulation, is subject to protection from pollution, damage, damage, depletion, destruction.

II. Natural resources and other objects of protection. There are six main individual natural resources and objects to be protected: land, its subsoil, water, forests, wildlife, atmospheric air.

Under earth refers to the surface covering the fertile soil layer. The most valuable are agricultural lands intended for agriculture (arable land) and animal husbandry. They cannot be replaced by anything, are exposed to wind and water erosion, clogging and pollution, and therefore deserve increased protection. Agricultural lands make up 37% of all land in the country, but their area is constantly decreasing due to the growth of cities, the construction of roads, reservoirs, the laying of power lines and communications. Non-agricultural lands serve as a spatial operational basis for accommodating other sectors of the national economy.

Subsoil considered part of the earth's crust, located below the soil layer and the bottom of water bodies, extending to the depths available for study and development. The subsoil also includes the surface of the earth if it contains mineral reserves. There are two main problems - the integrated use of mineral resources due to their non-renewability and the disposal of waste, especially toxic ones, in the bowels. Legal regulation of the protection of the earth's subsoil is carried out in the Federal Law "On Subsoil" of 1995.

Water- all water in water bodies. Waters can be surface and underground; a water body is a concentration of waters on the surface of the land in the forms of its relief or in the depths, having boundaries, volume and features of the water regime. The main task in the use of water is to ensure adequate drinking water supply, prevention of pollution and depletion of water from industrial and domestic discharges.

The objects of protection are forests and other vegetation, their main function is to satisfy the needs for wood, the production of oxygen ("lungs of the planet"), and recreation. Problems - cutting, littering, fires, reforestation. The main legal regulation of the protection, rational use and protection of forests is carried out by the RF Labor Code of 1997.

Animal world, microorganisms, genetic fund are also objects of environmental protection. The animal world is a collection of living organisms of all kinds of wild animals that permanently or temporarily inhabit the territory of Russia and are in a state of natural freedom, as well as belonging to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of Russia. Its protection is carried out on the basis of the Federal Law "On the Animal World" of 1995. Microorganisms or microflora are microbes, mainly unicellular protozoa - bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, visible only under a microscope, are found in soil, water, food, body person. Science ceases to divide them into useful and disease-causing ones: in an ecological relationship, they are part of the habitat and therefore are subject to study. A protected genetic fund is understood as a set of species of living organisms with their manifested and potential hereditary inclinations. The degradation of the natural environment can lead to irreversible changes in plants and animals, to the appearance of mutants, i.e. individuals with unusual genetic characteristics.

A kind of object of protection is atmospheric air, which embodies the natural environment that surrounds a person. Prevention of noise and radiation - specific effects on a person, transmitted mainly through atmospheric air, are considered modern topical problems. Its protection is carried out in accordance with the Law of the RSFSR "On the Protection of Atmospheric Air" of 1982.

III. Specially protected territories and objects. All attainable natural objects - components of the environment are subject to protection, but specially allocated territories and parts of nature deserve special protection. These are nature reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments, endangered species of plants and animals listed in the Red Book.

Specially protected territories are classified as objects of national heritage. The regulation of their protection and use is carried out on the basis of the Federal Law "On Natural Medical Resources, Health Resorts and Resorts" of 1995 and the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" of 1995. The main problems are the preservation and expansion of specially protected areas and objects and maintenance of the declared special conservation regime in them.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of specially protected natural territories and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are distinguished:

a) state natural reserves, including biospheric ones;

Today in the Russian Federation there are 95 state nature reserves of federal significance with a total area of ​​more than 31 million hectares, including land (with inland water bodies) - more than 26 million hectares, which is 1.53% of the entire territory of Russia. The reserves are located on the territory of 18 republics, 4 territories, 35 regions, 6 autonomous regions. The vast majority (88) of state nature reserves are directly managed by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection, 1 - in the system of the Ministry of Education, 4 - under the jurisdiction of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 - under the authority of the Federal Forestry Service.

State natural reserves have the status of nature protection, research and environmental education institutions, which employ about 5 thousand full-time workers. The history of the creation of national reserves goes back 80 years, the first such reserve was created at the end of 1916 - this is the famous Barguzinsky Reserve on Lake Baikal, which still functions today.

b) national parks; National parks in the Russian Federation began to be created in 1983, today there are 32 national parks in Russia (0.6% of the entire territory of Russia). Almost all national parks are under the jurisdiction of the Federal Forestry Service of Russia, and only two ("Pereslavsky" and "Losiny Ostrov") are under the jurisdiction of the administration of the Yaroslavl region and the government of Moscow, respectively.

c) natural parks;

d) state nature reserves;

e) monuments of nature;

f) dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

g) health-improving areas and resorts.

Appointment of specially protected territories. In environmental law, special attention is paid to specially protected territories: they have a special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health-improving purpose, are withdrawn in whole or in part from economic use, a protection regime is established for them, taking into account the peculiarities of their status.

Specially protected natural territories may have federal, regional or local significance, they are, respectively, federal property and are under the jurisdiction of federal state authorities, the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under the authority of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the property of municipalities and are under the jurisdiction of local government.

Specially protected natural areas of federal and regional significance are determined respectively by the Government of the Russian Federation and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" dated October 2, 1992, by the end of 2005, several dozens of new reserves and national parks are planned to be created in Russia.

Specially protected natural areas of local importance are determined in accordance with the procedure established by laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The uniqueness of the system of reserves and national parks in Russia, their role in the conservation of natural heritage and biological diversity are recognized throughout the world. 18 Russian reserves have the international status of biosphere reserves (they have been issued the appropriate UNESCO certificates), 5 reserves and 4 national parks are under the jurisdiction of the World Convention on the Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage, 8 reserves and 1 national park fall under the jurisdiction of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of international importance, 2 reserves have diplomas of the Council of Europe.

Subject, methods and system of environmental law.

The subject is social relations in the sphere of interaction between society and nature.

Two groups of relationships:

1. Industry - relations for the protection and use of subsoil lands, forests, waters, wildlife and atmospheric air;

2. Complex - for the protection and use of natural complexes in the aggregate (reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, valuable and specially protected natural areas, sanitary zones, recreational zones (otdyz)).

A method is a way of influencing public ecological relations. Methods:

1. Administrative and legal - based on the relationship of power and subordination and proceeds from the unequal position of the parties (any manufacturing enterprise in the course of its activities emits harmful substances into the atmospheric air, but this right is not natural, but is exercised on the basis of a permit issued by an authorized state body, which indicates the volume of emissions, period, fee, etc.);

2. Civil legal - based on the equality of the parties and on economic instruments of regulation (between a specially authorized state body and an economic entity, an agreement can be concluded for the use of a certain natural resource (lease agreement for a forest plot) in which the parties have approximately the same rights and obligations and are regulated such relations of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation);

3. Ecologization - all other branches of legislation must comply with currently established environmental rules, norms, regulations, etc.

The system is a set of its institutions, arranged in a certain sequence, in accordance with environmental laws.

Environmental law in three qualities: 1) as a branch of law; 2) as a science; 3) as an academic discipline.

As a science and academic discipline, EP consists of general, special and special parts.

General - concept, subject, method, sources, objects of protection, ownership of natural resources, state. management, ecological expertise, audit, certification, supervision, control, responsibility, etc.;

Special - the use and protection of individual resources or complexes;

Special - ES in foreign countries and international ES.

As an industry, EP consists of subsystems: environmental and natural resource law.

The first studies: general provisions, goals and objectives of protection, basic principles of protection, environmental rights of citizens, the economic mechanism of environmental protection, regulation in this area, dispute resolution, responsibility, international cooperation, etc.;

The second consists of: land, water, forest, mountain, faunistic and air protection law.

Each of the resource sectors has a general and a special part.

Objects of environmental protection.

The objects of environmental protection from pollution, depletion, degradation, damage, destruction and other negative impact of economic and other activities are:

1. Classical objects: lands, bowels, soils; surface and ground waters; forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their genetic fund; atmospheric air, the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space.

2. In a priority order: natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes that have not been subjected to anthropogenic impact.

3. The following are subject to special protection: objects included in the World Heritage List, state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves, state nature reserves, natural monuments, national, natural and dendrological parks, botanical gardens, medical and recreational areas and resorts, other natural complexes , the original habitat, places of traditional residence and economic activities of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation, objects of special environmental, scientific, historical and cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, rare or located endangered soils, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their habitats.

Measures for the protection of natural objects subject to special protection:

Specially protected natural territories are being created for objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health-improving and other valuable significance. The lands of such facilities are not subject to privatization.

State natural reserves, including state natural biosphere reserves, state nature reserves, natural monuments, national parks, dendrological parks, natural parks, botanical gardens and other specially protected areas, natural objects that have special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic , recreational, health-improving and other valuable value, form a natural reserve fund, the withdrawal of land from which is prohibited.

Economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment and lead to the degradation and destruction of such natural objects are prohibited.

In order to protect and record rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, the Red Books of the Russian Federation are established. Objects entered into them are subject to withdrawal from economic use. In order to preserve rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, their genetic fund must be preserved in low-temperature genetic banks, as well as in an artificially created habitat.

Green fund of urban settlements, rural settlements - a set of territories on which forest and other plantations are located, including in green areas, forest park areas, and other green areas within the boundaries of these settlements. Its protection provides for a system of measures that ensure the conservation and development of the green fund and are necessary to normalize the ecological situation and create a favorable environment. On its territory, economic and other activities that have a negative impact on it and prevent it from exercising the functions of ecological, sanitary-hygienic and recreational purposes are prohibited.

Rare and endangered soils are subject to state protection, and in order to record and protect them, the Red Book of Soils of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is established.