Can used gaskets be burned. Monthly blood when targeting damage to a person. Rustic dryness on a man

Looking ahead. About the competent disposal of the most "repulsive" fractions of solid waste, problematic from the epidemiological and aesthetic points of view

Everything in a person should be beautiful: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts ...
A. P. Chekhov

Perhaps someone will accuse the author of an unhealthy interest in unearthing "all sorts of abominations", of exaggerating a problem that is not so significant against the background of others, more significant, of cleanliness and "obsession with cleanliness and hygiene." But I think the problem of the "most vile" household waste is very relevant in modern living conditions. In our poor, rich industrial world, in search of physical and spiritual purity, aesthetics and harmony ... However, see for yourself.

Introduction
Type 1. Waste hygiene and contraceptive products
Subtype 1.1. Toilet paper
Subtype 1.2. Used feminine hygiene products (pads and tampons)
Subtype 1.3. Baby diapers
Subtype 1.4. Used sanitary napkins (wet from non-woven material)
Subtype 1.5. Contraceptives used (condoms)
Type 2. Used medical products (medical waste at home)
Subtype 2.1. Used dressings (cotton wool, plaster)
Subtype 2.2. Used syringes (needles) for injection
Subtype 2.3. Other used medical products used on an outpatient basis for various diseases and pathologies
Type 3. Products of light industry and personal hygiene items that have lost their consumer properties
Subtype 3.1. Underwear
Subtype 3.2. Daily dental hygiene and skin care items
Summary

Introduction

From time to time, in the publications of Greenpeace and other environmental public organizations, there are arguments about how carelessly the majority of city dwellers spend natural resources on their hygiene procedures and the level of comfort: long washing in the shower or regular soaking in the bathroom; brushing your teeth and shaving with an unforgivable amount of water draining out; descent of a full toilet bowl, when "it could have been a little bit"; uneconomical consumption of gas and electricity to reach the room temperature above the standard, and much more. Calls to limit consumption in everyday life, sometimes resulting in such extremes as campaigning for a "zero" haircut in order to save resources on washing their hair, or refusing to use hair removal for women for the same purpose, are, in my opinion, rather one-sided. After all, each person not only consumes resources for hygiene and aesthetics, but also produces various biological waste, the future of which is not customary to worry about, but which, if handled improperly, can carry a rather serious environmental, sanitary and epidemiological hazard and negative aesthetic impact ...
And what is the "aesthetic pleasure" for those involved in the conveyor sorting of garbage, which is still carried out in some enterprises? You can often hear that people who work there are degraded, asocial, accustomed to everything and ready to do dirty, low-skilled work for a pittance, which they immediately rush to spend on a drink. But is it permissible, no matter what the contingent of workers may be, to create conditions under which the work of processing useful recyclable materials is inextricably linked with obvious impurities that pollute it? And since a significant part of MSW can be mixed with extremely unsightly components, the idea is strengthened in people's minds that "this dirt and infection" must be buried somewhere further away (at a landfill or at an ordinary landfill), or burned (regardless of the danger air pollution by combustion products). The presence of just used toilet paper in the general composition of household waste is enough for the waste container to be perceived as something disgustingly dirty and foul smelling, and not as a container for 80% recyclable materials.
The reader, who may accuse me of being preoccupied with "toilet problems", will certainly object that spoiled food can also have a disgusting smell and appearance and pose a sanitary and epidemiological hazard. Of course, the problem of organic fractions of solid waste is comprehensively important (in the EU, the ban on the discharge of organic waste at landfills (landfills) in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is enshrined in legislation - Directive 2006/12 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 5, 2006 on Waste) , but the same fecal contamination initially carries a much greater sanitary and epidemiological hazard than ordinary food waste, not to mention aesthetic aspects. For example, the few conscientious dog owners who pick up excrement after their pets for a walk generally throw this organic "treasure" in a plastic bag into a common trash can or trash can.
Within the framework of the indicated problem, I want to present a classification of the most unpleasant elements of household waste (the problem of which is not only not solved, but even, as a rule, is not highlighted in the framework of considering the issue of introducing waste sorting), an analysis of adopted in Russia and the best possible practices for their neutralization and disposal , an overview of foreign practices for handling such problematic waste.
The text turned out to be quite long, therefore, for easier perception, it is divided into separate series.

Type 1. Waste hygiene and contraceptive products

Things, or rather, hygienic consumables, from this section are used to one degree or another by everyone, regardless of gender and age. And try to abandon them by going to a burdock leaf, lint and sphagnum!

Subtype 1.1. Toilet paper

In Russia...

This "unaesthetic" consumer waste is perhaps the most common of its kind. In the introduction, in order to prepare the reader for the fact that it will not be about the most beautiful, but very necessary, I have already cited an example of the obvious unaesthetic and sanitary and epidemiological unfavorableness of this waste.
In most households with sewerage systems, the used toilet paper ends up in the sewer and eventually ends up in the sludge at the wastewater treatment plant. Perhaps, at the moment, this is the most civilized way to dispose of this waste. In St. Petersburg, sludge from sewage treatment plants is burned using modern equipment. And, although the environmental safety of most incineration technologies today is not at the highest level, for waste containing a large amount of pathogenic microflora, thermal neutralization is often the only acceptable one.
In garden and summer cottages, as a rule, such waste is burned openly. Of course, this practice introduces a certain amount of pollutants into the atmosphere (nitrogen dioxide, soot, and other impurities). But against the background of traditional stove heating systems, as well as burning dry foliage and garden scraps, emissions from burning toilet paper do not seem to be so significant.
In many public non-residential buildings, due to the large number of visitors to the toilet (due to fear of clogging the sewer), it is a practice to throw used toilet paper into the trash bin. I suppose that I am not alone in my disgust when, entering a public restroom, I see the inscription "do not throw toilet paper into the toilet!" Where will the contents of this bucket go after the cleaning staff take care of maintaining order in the booth? It's not hard to guess what's in a nearby dumpster. From where it will most likely be poured onto the landfill along with the rest of the "morphological composition of solid waste" and rolled from above with a bulldozer. And then, perhaps, monitoring soil samples will show that the soils in the immediate vicinity of the landfill are contaminated with E. coli and other pathogenic microflora. And the point here is not only and not so much in rats and seagulls, but in people.

But the international hygiene mogul, Procter & Gamble, explicitly declares its long-term prospects for reducing the negative impact on the environment by using exclusively recyclable or recyclable materials in the manufacture of products and packaging, reaching zero an indicator of the amount of consumer waste disposed of by disposal at landfills, reaching a zero indicator of the amount of industrial waste disposed of by disposal at landfills, etc. At the same time, at the moment, the lion's share of the company's products in many countries ends up and in unauthorized landfills, mixed with large amounts of unclaimed secondary resources.

Subtype 1.3. Baby diapers

In Russia...

Probably, the current amount of such waste in Russia is quite comparable with the American situation 25 years ago (see below). And this percentage at the source of waste generation (in a container or garbage chute) is quite enough to make it difficult to manually sort waste and make some of the potentially useful raw materials from other fractions unsuitable for recycling.
Some especially child-loving people will argue that this type of waste is not so terrible, since it is produced by the "flowers of life", which are "pure and infallible by definition." Yes, it is possible that the risk of spreading dangerous infections in such materials is somewhat lower than in the waste from the previous and subsequent points. But this does not mean that it does not exist at all. And the whole thing is not "fragrant" with roses. We have had to make sure of this for certain and repeatedly at volunteer eco-clean-ups, removing the “picnic” parking lots behind some young parents of little culture.
And, by the way, diapers are not only for children - if you remember the sad thing - for bedridden patients this is an irreplaceable means of hygiene.
This type of waste is disposed of in the same way as the previous one (1.2).

Abroad...

American researchers-garbologists (from the English garbage - garbage), since the beginning of the 80s of the XX century, conducted research of large urban dumps in order to study the morphological composition of waste and their impact on the environment, found that this type of waste, in combination with plastic packaging from fast food and foam packaging, is no more than 3% of the total morphological composition of landfills.
Modern handling of baby diapers is similar to that of adult hygiene products. It is estimated that in the first 2.5 years of life, a child in developed countries, on average, uses such a number of diapers, which, in terms of the environmental impact, is comparable to covering 2100-3500 km in a car with a gasoline engine.
Some manufacturers' websites also offer biodegradable (2/3 decomposition - where the remaining 1/3 goes, remains unclear) diapers, touting their dermatological and environmental benefits.

Subtype 1.4. Used sanitary napkins (wet from non-woven material)

In Russia...

In the past few years, this product has been widely presented on the domestic market. On the shelves of the household and hygiene departments of stores there are many colored packages: "wet, refreshing wipes", "antibacterial", "for removing makeup", "for intimate hygiene", etc.
We have to admit that in many cases, when there is no way to properly wash your hands or something else, such consumables are very convenient (the word "antibacterial" especially warms the soul; for example, after the same eco-Saturday, albeit with gloves, but you never know what). But. At every cleaning of recreational areas, these disgusting pieces of paper, smeared with anything, are often found.
When brought to the common waste container, they will add to the general morphological composition of MSW a certain proportion, as a rule, of the polymer composition, organically and / or bacteriologically contaminated.
On the website of domestic manufacturers of such products, only the manufacturing details for the customer are indicated and the packaging material is described in some detail: multilayer roll materials such as alumina laminate (paper, aluminum, polyethylene) and combined triplex (PET, aluminum, polyethylene). For the manufacture of the napkins themselves, two types of material are used: crepe paper or non-woven material, impregnated with an odorless or fragrance-added cleansing lotion.
Obviously, such a composite can be classified as practically non-recyclable waste, given its polycomponent nature, organic and possible bacteriological contamination. There are no special methods for processing and neutralizing this waste.

Abroad...

It was possible to find not so much foreign information about wet wipes. It can only be noted that some manufacturers of wet wipes pay special attention to the biodegradability and environmental safety of their product.

Subtype 1.5. Contraceptives used (condoms)

In Russia...

This "good" is thrown away, maybe not so much in percentage terms, but on a regular basis. And I am not advocating that they should not be used for the sake of reducing the amount of unpleasant waste in the common container. On the contrary, it is precisely because of the neglect of elementary contraceptives that our society acquires many additional problems. But that's not what this study is about.
Let's dwell on the most common and easy-to-use barrier contraception - condoms. Most of them are made from latex - a natural material containing the sap of hevea (a genus of evergreen trees of the Euphorbia family), in other words, natural rubber. There are modifications made of artificial polymers, as well as on a rubber base (remember "rubber product No. 2").
Repeatedly discovering these used products on subbotniks in the forest and on the picturesque shores of the lake, in the bushes (obviously, romance in the open air is attractive, but for some reason many are not able to clean up such spicy garbage after themselves), I wondered about their biodegradability. In the open spaces of the Runet, information was found only about the environmental friendliness of balloons made of natural latex: "Careful studies have shown that a balloon made of latex is completely biodegradable in natural conditions in the same time it takes to decompose an oak leaf." In support of these words, one blogger spoke out in the discussion of the component composition of the garbage collected at the subbotnik. He said that once, during his student days, he was on duty to maintain cleanliness in the courtyard of the hostel. Negligent students threw used condoms out of the windows there. And the one who was authorized to maintain cleanliness, not wanting to get dirty, raked all this with a fan rake into a pile and sprinkled it with autumn leaves. After winter, unaesthetic debris disappeared, mixing with rotted foliage.
However, this type of waste, due to its biological content, also falls under the definition of "class B medical waste" specified in SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10.
In addition, when disposing of such waste in a summer recreation area, the packaging made of hardly degradable or practically non-degradable materials adds "unaesthetic" to this garbage, which clearly indicates the intimate leisure of uncivilized fellow citizens.

Abroad...

For the environmentally friendly handling of used condoms, some guidance is given in the English-language article "Common Sense: Condoms and the Environment." It is strongly not recommended to flush used contraceptives down the drain due to the risk of clogging. Even if clogging does not occur, the used protection will end up on the trash grates of the wastewater treatment plant or in the sludge. That is, it will be in the same composition of MSW, delivering additional unpleasant emotions to the employees of the water treatment plant, or, having overcome the outlet, will pollute the reservoir. Attention is also drawn to the fact that condoms are biodegradable (latex or from calfskin, although it seems to me that the latter is already some kind of archaic exotic) and non-biodegradable (polyurethane and other polymer compounds). The author of the article does not recommend trying to compost biodegradable contraceptives on your own in open spaces, due to the attractiveness of this kind of "treasure" for various animals that will begin to dig up intimate garbage. It is best to wrap the used contraceptive in a piece of toilet paper or paper towel and throw it in the general trash. It is also noted that the packaging of these products from plastic and foil is not environmentally friendly, which does not decompose.
The information on how thorough the approach to such problematic waste in developed countries is in practice is rather general. In Germany, for example, such waste ends up in the so-called. "Other garbage" collected in black bins, the contents of which are taken out every 2-4 weeks. Apparently, the handling of such garbage consists in its thermal destruction or burial at specially equipped landfills, depending on the adopted treatment scheme in a particular area. That is, separately collected recyclable materials in Germany and a number of other developed countries are largely separated from such unseemly waste already at the stage of their formation.
And only in one English-language article devoted to the communal problems of the Indian city of Pune (the city is located 150 km east of Mumbai and has approximately 5 million inhabitants), it was possible to find information about "unsightly" waste as a significant communal problem requiring a special solution. For example, the city's nine sludge treatment stations report the problem of large quantities of used condoms entering wastewater treatment plants, especially on weekends and holidays. On average, the number of condoms collected at all wastewater treatment plants per week is about 20,000, which have to be separated from the sludge and sent to the landfill. Representatives of the Pune administration's environmental and health departments have announced their intention to develop a policy for the management of used condoms and hygienic absorbents, which are biomedical waste and must be disposed of separately from other types of household waste.

Type 2. Used medical products (medical waste at home)

In Russia...

The rules for handling them are spelled out in the aforementioned SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10. These rules are rather general, universal, and also do not take into account the need to introduce the best available technologies in this area. But even the basic requirements for the disposal of hazardous medical waste from medical institutions given in SanPiN are often unsatisfactory: according to various estimates, only 1-3% of healthcare facilities in the Russian Federation have special installations for disinfecting waste, other institutions neutralize infected waste using artisanal methods. Often, the total mass of medical waste of different hazard classes, without sufficient preliminary treatment, is disposed of at solid waste landfills or landfills under the guise of low-hazard household waste.

Subtype 2.1. Used dressings (cotton wool, plaster)

It should be borne in mind that hazardous medical waste is generated not only in hospitals. Obviously, even minor household injuries in absolutely or relatively healthy people cause the appearance of class B medical waste in a mixed trash can: cotton wool, bandages, plasters soaked in blood and medicinal and disinfecting ointments. It seems like little things, but it is unpleasant to find them in the volume of valuable recyclable materials. And if this slightly injured person is sick, for example, with hepatitis B, then it is also not safe.

Subtype 2.2. Used syringes (needles) for injection

And there is also a significant contingent of people who constantly have to undergo various medical procedures at home, and sometimes outside the home. These are not necessarily bedridden patients of advanced age. Often these are young, energetic people, adolescents, children, from whose appearance it is hardly possible to guess that they are "rewarded" with the baggage of chronic diseases, they live only thanks to substitution therapy with medications and various medical manipulations carried out as routinely and regularly as "relatively a healthy person ”has a habit of brushing his teeth and taking a shower.
So, for example, in some diseases (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, various severe pain syndromes, etc.), people are forced to constantly inject themselves with vital drugs. Obviously, the most hazardous household waste for those in need of such therapy will be injection devices with blood-contaminated needles. One should not believe in such a deep consciousness of people exhausted by their own health problems, which will induce them to take used materials that fall under the definition of "class B medical waste" for disposal at the nearest or attached health facility. And practically none of the health care facilities provides such an opportunity with all the desire (remember: only 1-3 (!)% Of health care facilities in Russia have the opportunity to safely dispose of highly hazardous and potentially hazardous medical waste on their territory, in accordance with SanPiN).
There is also another, asocial, contingent of people with whom the average person who is illiterate in medical matters, first of all, associates independent injections. These are, of course, injecting drug addicts. It should be noted that waste from injecting drugs poses a much greater danger than waste from injecting drugs used for various non-communicable diseases (of course, there are combined forms of diseases), since people who use intravenous drugs are a reservoir of pathogens of hepatitis B, C, D and HIV infection.
How many of you have never seen thin syringes with green rods scattered in the park, on the playground, in the front door ...? Sometimes they show up in the mailbox. Never fumble with your hand in a semi-dark drawer in search of a letter or receipt lying around: it is quite possible to stumble upon the needle of an infected drug addict syringe! True, infectious disease researchers have long established the fact that HIV is not resistant to environmental conditions and quickly dies outside the human body. However, for the purpose of preventing injecting HIV transmission, it should be assumed that a used syringe or needle (without sterilization) may contain live virus for several days. Other dangerous viruses, such as hepatitis B, are much more resistant to the external environment than HIV. In the external environment at room temperature, the hepatitis B virus can persist for up to several weeks: even in a dried and invisible blood stain, on a razor blade, or the end of a needle.
Obviously, with the possible manual sorting of solid household waste, such inclusions not only cause extremely unpleasant emotions, but also can turn out to be very hazardous to health.

Subtype 2.3. Other used medical products used on an outpatient basis for various diseases and pathologies

In this group of waste, one can recall many unpleasant and even shocking objects for a relatively healthy man in the street. For example, fragments of a dropper system, elements of dialysis machines used at home, used test strips to determine the level of glucose and other substances in blood and other biological fluids, etc.
At the same time, even the simplest and familiar devices, for example, for the treatment of ENT organs (pipettes, spray bottles) can be a source of foreign pathogenic flora.
What about disposable handkerchiefs thrown into the general trash? There you can surely find a host of unpleasant living creatures from the microworld: from the simplest ARVI to highly pathogenic influenza and even tuberculosis.
Or, for example, such a small-scale waste as contact lenses that have reached the recommended wear period? It seems to be a negligible waste of polymeric material (are there negligible waste of regularly produced products?), But at the same time it was in contact with the mucous membrane and lacrimal secretions of a person.
Perhaps the allocation of such waste against the background of other, global, problems with the same waste is "catching fleas" at the present stage of technological development of the sphere of handling household waste. But, on the other hand, it is impossible to deny the sanitary and epidemiological ill-being of the mass of solid household waste.

Abroad...

I will briefly tell you about the materials on foreign experience in solving the problem of this type of waste.
For example, the US Municipal Solid Waste report categorizes medical waste from households as other mixed non-durable waste. In 2005, the amount of such waste in the United States was about 4.3 million tons, or 1.7% of the total amount of solid waste.
The Colorado Department of Environment and Public Health issued a special bulletin in 2005 on the management of medical waste (including used injection materials) generated at home. It strongly recommends not throwing such waste into the general trash, but contacting specialized organizations for their disposal (however, it does not say how expensive the disposal of such waste is for citizens and what percentage of the population uses such services). This document also states that, if it is impossible to contact one of the specialized organizations, medical waste (especially containing points contaminated with blood or other biological materials) should be packed in a tightly closed container made of dense plastic or tin. At the same time, it is not recommended to use a container made of recyclable material (it can probably be mistakenly sorted at the station), and, in the case of using such containers, they should be clearly marked with information about the contents with a potential infectious hazard.

Type 3. Products of light industry and personal hygiene items that have lost their consumer properties

Subtype 3.1. Underwear

In Russia...

Such a widespread element of women's wardrobe as nylon tights and other hosiery, as a rule, very quickly loses its consumer properties, it simply breaks. Sometimes such a product is generally disposable. If you are a woman who at least sometimes wears a skirt outside of the summer season, then you probably remember how sometimes with annoyance you throw new tights or stockings into the trash bin, by chance, caught on the furniture on the day they were removed from the plastic-cardboard packaging. In Soviet times, nylon products were in short supply and were worn more carefully, and the holes and “arrows”, at times, were repeatedly sewn up. In everyday life, the product of their disposal, the “reuse” step, was also popular - knitted washcloths and door mats made of old tights and stockings cut into strips (Fig. 3.1).

Rice. 3.1. Rug from nylon tights (

Monthly blood is one of the strongest ingredients used in magical rituals. Actions performed during certain rituals become a powerful magical seal.

The most powerful love spells on monthly blood

Features and dangers of rituals on the menstrual blood

A feature of the rituals performed on a person through the use of monthly blood is the following:

not every person can make damage;
she transmits her action through the male line of the person to whom she was applied;
carries the power of the ancestral curse.

The insidiousness and danger of the ritual for menstruation is fraught with certain consequences, which in the future can have an extremely negative effect on a person. The effect of damage, in other words, a love spell, is very strong and does not have the opposite effect.

Love spell for menstruation is very strong and has no reverse effect

The essence of damage is as follows:

if monthly blood gets into the human body by accident, then he inadvertently becomes a victim;
the effect of damage is instant and takes effect almost immediately;
after a few hours or days, the victim begins to become attached to the owner of the monthly blood;
the action of corruption is so sophisticated that it bypasses the consciousness of a person and acts through instincts. Clouding the consciousness of the victim, damage causes hidden lustful desires in the conspirator;
The conspiracy is valid for only one month. After which the man begins to feel disgust for his "beloved" and the love spell must be repeated. Thus, the so-called "blood circle" is formed.

Naturally, like any love spell, damage or conspiracy does not pass without a trace, and even more so acting in a vicious circle, induced monthly.

Love spell will need to be repeated every month

What are the reasons for the dangerous influence of a love spell carried out on menstruation?

The victim may show obvious symptoms of poisoning and frequent migraines. These are the consequences of exposure to menstrual flow, classified as energy poisons. Not a single amulet and talisman is able to protect a person from such a strong impact, which primarily penetrates the orange chakra. In the future, significant harm is done to yellow and blue. The only defense of the body that can somehow remove a love spell is vomiting. But it happens on rare occasions.

More serious disturbances in the life of the prisoner are caused by the regular application of menstrual blood to the victim.

Serious disorders of the digestive system and liver, especially if the body was subject to any ailments before exposure to menstrual blood. Everything here can lead to stomach ulcers, serious violations of the liver.

Frequent use of a love spell carries consequences in the form of sores

A significant blow is inflicted on the male genitourinary system and on potency.

An addiction to alcohol is developed, then alcohol dependence, which will not go anywhere, even if the regular love spell is canceled.

Behavioral aggression is another consequence of this corruption. And it can even come to assault.

How to carry out the ritual?

Having considered the negative side of spoilage with menstrual blood, we still highlight the advantages of this ritual:

ease of application of the rite;
does not require financial investments, it is enough to have your own biological material;
immediate effect;
suitable for a relationship for a short time or for certain benefits.

Therefore, if you decide to conduct such a ritual, then this is done as follows, we will give several ways.

One drop of menstrual blood is dripped onto a small piece of white cloth. After the stain dries, the shred is burned and added to the man's drink.

You need to drop blood on a small piece of tissue

The drop should be added to your victim's food by saying the following words:

“Drink my blood, give up your will. You will only listen to me and do it as I want. I am the only one - your mistress. "

Such a love spell is able to completely subordinate the will of a man to a woman.

An even number of drops are dripped onto the food or drink, saying the following words:

"My blood is gone, I don't need it, but the slave (name) needs it."

Drops are added to the wine and sentenced seven times:

"As this blood is in me, so you are a slave (name), come to me."

The desired man was drunk with talked wine.

After the ceremony, the man needs to be drunk with wine.

Reverse Spell Strike

It is possible to remove the damage done with the help of monthly blood, but you should not do it yourself, because it is unbearable for an ordinary person, and it is quite possible to harm yourself by trying to remove a conspiracy. Only professional magicians can remove all the negativity caused through the induction of damage by menstruation.

To cure a person and save his chakra from inevitable decomposition will require a lot of strength and knowledge, so it is better to turn to specialists in this matter.

To remove the spoilage delivered by menstrual blood, you can strike back. The bottom line is that when a love spell is done, it does not have a reverse rollback, but when you try to remove it, the likelihood of such a blow is very high. This can be done through the blood connection, induced by the owner, in two main ways.

The reverse rollback ritual is very dangerous.

Causing blood diseases. In some cases, the blow to the blood goes to the children of the woman who performed the ceremony. Especially if at that moment she was in a position (sometimes this is possible). The procedure allowing to remove spoilage returns to the woman's fetus, causing miscarriage, deformities and infertility in the woman.

Diseases of the genitourinary system, from thrush to genital tract infections.

It is important to remember that the most effective way to remove damage that has been directed to menstrual blood is through the cemetery. Professional magicians know such rituals, and therefore the return blow can be very strong, since the most effective methods are used to remove the damage.

In this article:

Drying on your beloved man can be done at home, even if you are not yet very experienced in love magic. The most effective rituals are carried out on menstrual blood, because it is the most powerful biological material. Blood has a sacred meaning in the rituals of love spells, attachments and bindings. There are also side effects that you shouldn't forget. If you are ready, then proceed. Your man will not go anywhere now, he will not look at others, and he will give you all his love and adoration. It is almost impossible to remove such a love spell, so be prepared for the consequences. Your wildest dreams of love come true.

Dry or bewitch?

There are several ways to tie a man to you. Love spell, add-on, binding. None of these ways create love - that beautiful and pure feeling that books write about. Each of the magical methods imitates some feelings, but which ones - choose for yourself.

Love spell

Sometimes black, sometimes white. The most powerful love spell is the Black Wedding, because then your souls are bound by eternal bonds in the Kingdom of Darkness. You should not indulge yourself with beautiful fantasies about the eternity of such love. The black love spell creates a strong addiction. Blood will be the price to be paid for success. This option is rarely suitable for anyone, but there are desperate seekers of love. Black love spell is the very remedy that is called "I will do anything."

Binding

The binding has a sexual effect. Its action is not as long as that of a love spell or dryness. Lasts 3-6 months after each blood ritual. A man stops thinking about others, wants, wants only you. Someone may take such a strong sexual desire for love, but it is not here. Only sex, passion. When you get tired of it, you can always remove the dryness. Many people use it as entertainment, but there are also consequences: you and your husband may have problems in the sexual sphere, impotence. Too much energy for an unprepared person.

Drying

Side effects from dryness

There is only one side effect - mutual love. For some, this effect may seem ridiculous, what's wrong with that? You will start falling in love with the person as much as he is with you. The creeper is insidious: if you want to fall in love with a person, then you yourself will also fall in love with him. All his feelings will become yours too. Drying works in two directions at once. This effect must be borne in mind. Magic is not a game where you can try, and if it doesn't work out, start over. You must be aware of the consequences. If you are ready, and this is what you want, rather start the ritual.

The most famous ways to dry a loved one

Love spells, bindings and suckers are made on monthly blood for the fastest and most powerful effect. Drying will work in just a few days. The most convenient thing to do is from a distance. It is not at all necessary to be close to the person for everything to work out. Work comfortably at home. All these methods are done under certain conditions:

3rd-4th day of menstruation;
time: after 12 am, until 03:00 am;
good health (not possible during illness, cold).

All texts need to be learned by heart, to work alone, without strangers. Do not tell anyone about your magical practices, because people can at least misunderstand you.

So that the guy only dreamed of you

Blood cannot be frozen or stored

This is one of the simplest blood tests. You will need an odd number of drops of your menstrual blood. You can collect 3, 9 drops, but they must be fresh. Not an option to wring out a pad that has been worn all day.

When the sun sets, you need to drip this blood onto the photograph of your beloved, saying:

“I conjure the sun so that the soul (name of the guy) strives for my soul. As the rays of the luminary direct the light of the world, so your thoughts (his name) are directed to me. Just as nothing alive can exist without the sun, so you (his name) cannot now live without me. "

After dripping, smear the blood over the photo with the index finger of your left hand.
You will need to wait until the blood dries, and then hide the photo where no one will find it.

As the blood dries, so the beloved will dry for you. This dryness is easily done from a distance.

The effect should appear in the next few days. At first, only an increase in interest in you, there may be calls, letters. Then the man will literally start talking about his feelings to you directly. A lot of very strong dry spells and love spells are made for monthly blood, but they work best if the blood hits the target. For this, the man will need to be fed or given your blood to drink.

Dried to blood in wine

This option is great for sticking a guy or your own husband. If your husband loses interest in you, is thinking about other women, or has already started an affair, then do not hesitate. This method is suitable if there is an opportunity to offer a man to drink wine. It's easy to do at home.

You will need three drops of menstrual blood and three from your ring finger.
Mix the blood, say on it:

“In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit.
My living blood, enter into God's servant.
Nobody can live without blood.
So the servant of God (name) cannot live without me,
Servants of God (name), be.
My blood, come into you.
Love, servant of God (name), me more than yourself,
Throw yourself on the walls from longing,
When mine appears, be embarrassed,
Blush, dumber, don't you dare take your eyes off me.
My blood, play in the servant of God (name),
Don't let him forget me.
My first word.
My word is the second, but other sorcerers have no word.
I will lock myself, lock myself.
I am the eldest and am not afraid of anyone.
Key, lock, tongue.
Amen. Amen. Amen".

Now add to red wine, Cahors, any strong red drink of your choice.

If your husband has a mistress and everything is serious, perform this ritual 3 times - every month. He will put an end to their relationship, and you will return your happy marriage. This method may seem overly simple, but don't underestimate it.

He will help you return your husband to your family very quickly. After the first ritual it will happen, and the second two are done "just in case" so that the attachment to you is 100%.

Rustic dryness on a man

You should not eat such bread yourself

For this ritual, you will need to bake a cake or bread. When you knead the dough, add 5 drops of blood to it. Take monthly blood only fresh. The pie or bread will need to be taken out of the oven hot, say to it 9 times:

“(Name) drink, finish, eat, finish,
Consume my blood.
Swallow my blood
Change your life.
My blood is strong-
Your weakness is visible.
(Name), you are my slave by blood,
I am your mistress.
You have no strength
(Name) your life for me.
You have no others
You are mine forever".

Put back in the oven. So the passion and feelings of your beloved will flare up every day more and more hotly. Make sure that only the man you want eats your cake. He can eat as much as he wants, there are no restrictions.

Drink conspiracy

You need to mix monthly blood with strong Cahors or sweet dessert wine. Great for a love spell for any man or your own husband. You will need a photo of your beloved, where he is alone. It needs to be burned, add monthly blood to the ashes. For the mixture, read:

“How will I call you to help,
how will I ask you to give me superhuman strength,
an unearthly spell so that I, the servant of God (name), could,
so to bind the servant of God (name),
so that he could not break them forever and ever,
neither at night, nor during the day, nor on a quiet evening,
nor a bright morning.
And how will this drink spill over all the vessels,
will heat all his blood,
so that it spills over all veins and vessels
servant of God (name)
his passion for the servant of God (name),
so that his love for me flares up
stronger every day, hotter,
so that he gets drunk with his passion,
how drunk from this wine.
Amen".

A small portion will need to be added to any drink. It is better to choose a strong one to hide the smell. A man will drink it, and after 3-5 days he will come to you with the offer of his heart. Convenient for shy girls. Your job is to offer a drink.

Don't forget about the buyback

Drying for 3 candles

This is a very strong adhesion. For you, he will become devoted, loving and most gentle. Some women are annoyed with such attention, so they decide to leave this man in a year or two. Do not do this, because you have changed his destiny. For this, you can get a powerful answer from the Universe. You will regret using other people's feelings so lightly. If you know for sure - together for life, forever, then do it.

Take three church candles.
On each you need to write your names with a knife.
Light the candles.
Take 5 drops of your monthly blood, pour them into a glass of water.
Add any of your golden things there.
Say to the candles:

"Spread and disperse, my blood,
intoxicated by a quarter.
And how will the rabbin (name of the lover) drink this hop,
so my blood will go through his veins,
his mind will drive him into the horn of rams.
For me (name) alone he will start to think,
it will burn his sternum with heat,
for me alone, he will conceive to dry-dry.
A peasant lived his oblique fathom against me,
he will begin to desire me alone.
My word says so, so it will be done! "

Pour the water into a saucepan or saucepan.
It will be necessary to boil water on the flame of these candles.

Take the water to the intersection at night, pour it over your left shoulder. It is a simple ritual, but it contains tremendous power. Do not use it if you are not ready to spend your whole life with a man.

How to remove menstruation supplements

Removing dryness without your desire will not work. You started a process, used your blood to activate it. Now all the magic is tied to your desire. The chain reaction of this ritual will take over your lover, you personally. But, this is not a compulsion to love, like a love spell, so feelings can pass naturally. Especially your feelings. It rarely happens that the object suddenly stops loving you. Something very bad had to happen for that. And so, without your desire, it is impossible to cancel the impact. Not a single magician will want to do this if your lover finds out and, for some reason, wants to remove the dryness from himself. The conspiracy for menstruation is a strong magical contract that does not allow you to break it without the use of a special ritual.

Articles about the female organism.

Very interesting article.

An excerpt on menstrual hygiene. And so much more informative.

“The vulva is not ideal for menstruation, as evidenced by the fact that in its centuries-old history, mankind has never come up with an impeccable hygiene option for women.

Let's take a quick look at the history of menstrual hygiene. Throughout the centuries, there have been a wide variety of hygiene options. One of the oldest methods is the seclusion (i.e. isolation) of menstruating women from society. It was quite common in Polynesia and among African tribes. Each settlement had a special hut for menstruating, in which women were supposed to be during their menstruation. Why was this done? In short, it boils down to isolating menstruating women in order to ensure their greatest safety. However, was this goal the only one? Here is a quote from one historian: “... since the clothes of women of that time did not completely hide their condition, such a woman would become an object of ridicule for others, if even the slightest trace of her illness was noticed on her, she would lose the affection of her husband or lover. Thus, we see that natural bashfulness is based solely on the consciousness of one's own lack and the fear of ceasing to be liked. " So, the lack of basic hygiene products in ancient times forced a woman to be isolated during menstruation. The emergence of menstrual hygiene products made seclusion unnecessary, but it became necessary to develop hygiene products, the main task of which was both to ensure the absorption of secretions and to hide the woman's condition from others.

In Ancient Egypt, papyrus was used, from which wealthy Egyptians made tampons. Papyrus was very expensive, so simple Egyptians used linen that was washed after use. In Byzantium, tampons made of papyrus or similar material were also used. Such tampons were hardly comfortable, since the papyrus is very cruel.

In ancient Rome, pads were used, and sometimes tampons made from balls of wool. There is information about the use of tampons in ancient Greece and Judea. But, apparently, the most common means of hygiene in ancient times were reusable pads made of one or another material such as canvas, fabric, silk, felt, etc.

In medieval Japan, China, India, feminine hygiene was set very high, many orders of magnitude better than in Europe. It was in Asia that disposable pads were first introduced. Asians used disposable paper napkins, folded in an envelope. Such an envelope was held in place by a handkerchief attached to the belt. Later in Japan menstrual belts began to be made (if the author is not mistaken, they are called "you"), which was a belt with a strip passed between the legs. A napkin was placed between the strip and the vulva: the belt was reusable, the napkin was disposable. Outwardly, such a belt somewhat resembled an inverted basket. Every intelligent Japanese woman should have been able to make herself such a belt.

In Polynesia, specially prepared bark of plants, grass, sometimes animal skins and sea sponges were used. The Indian women of North America seem to have done much the same.

In Europe during the Middle Ages, feminine hygiene was at its lowest. Commoners, for example, simply used the flaps of shirts or petticoats tucked between their legs. In Russia in the XVII-XVIII centuries, the so-called. "Shameful ports", that is, something like tight-fitting pantaloons or long panties (ordinary panties were not worn then) made of thick material - menstrual flow was absorbed directly by the ports that were under the extensive skirts.

It should be noted that in the Middle Ages, menstruation was a rare "guest" for European women. Menstruation then began at the age of 16-18 years, stopped at the age of about 40-45 years. Since there were no contraceptives, many women were almost constantly pregnant or lactating (menstruation is usually absent during milk feeding). Thus, many women in their entire life could have only 10 - 20 menstruation, that is, as much as a modern woman has on average in a year or two. It is clear that the issues of menstrual hygiene were not then as acute for European women as they are now. However, by the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the problem of menstrual hygiene for American and European women was already extremely acute.

In America and Europe of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they used reusable homemade felt or canvas pads, which, after use, were folded into a bag, then washed and reused. Some adopted the Chinese method using paper envelopes. In cases where it was impossible to carry a used gasket with them or it was not advisable to keep the gasket, the women burned it in the fireplace. The custom of burning the gaskets in the fireplace did not arise by accident. The fact is that the toilet bowl became widespread only at the end of the 19th century (although it appeared two centuries earlier). Before the advent of the toilet in England (and in many European countries), women wrote in pots, while closing in a bedroom or other room; after urination or defecation, the pots were taken out by the servant or by the woman herself. Therefore, menstrual hygiene products were also changed in rooms, since there were simply no special toilet facilities at that time. Note that in those days, almost any dwelling was equipped with a fireplace. Therefore, it was easier to burn the gasket in the fireplace than to take it out in the trash. This was especially true when a woman was traveling - in this case, apparently, it was easier to donate a reusable pad than to carry it with you for a long time. For this purpose, a fireplace was used. At the end of the 19th century in England there were even special portable crucibles for burning gaskets - for those cases when there was no fireplace at hand!

It wasn't until the 1970s that the habit of wrapping used pads in paper or newspaper and throwing them in the trash bin was formed. XX century with the widespread use of disposable pads - before that, as we can see, either preserving pads for subsequent washing, or burning or throwing them away was used. Nonetheless, reusable panty liners were uncomfortable for women, not only because of the unpleasant washing (which maids did for the rich), but also because of the need to collect used pads during menstruation.

For additional protection, aprons were used, dressed in the manner of underwear, that is, they additionally protected the upper skirt from contamination. Quite a long time in the 10s - 30s. XX century (or even longer) in America (possibly in Europe) menstrual briefs were used, called briefs or bloomers (the origin of the names is unclear, they are not translated into Russian). Tampons, like disposable pads, were virtually unknown in America, Europe and Asia at the time.

Significant changes took place during the First World War. Then the French nurses in military hospitals noticed that the cellucotton material (something like cotton wool made from cellulose) developed by the American company Kimberly Clark, which was widely supplied to Europe for military purposes, perfectly absorbs menstrual flow and began to use it, in fact having created the first self-made, but already disposable pads in Europe.

This discovery had a significant impact on the further development of menstrual hygiene, advising Kimberly Clark to produce pads from this material. The first disposable pads, called Cellunap, were released in 1920, but marketing them in America proved to be extremely problematic. In principle, women were enthusiastic about the idea of disposable pads (this was shown by a thorough and very difficult sociological survey at that time), but it was obvious that women were very shy about menstruation. Advertising or flaunting the pads was then unthinkable, women were embarrassed to even buy pads, which were then only sold in pharmacies; often mothers sent foolish little daughters for pads. When buying, women were very embarrassed to even pronounce the name of the product, using only the last syllable, that is, "nap". Nap (nap) - in English means "napkin", and this term is quite widely rooted - for many years the word nap was used to refer to pads, that is, a napkin, although napkins, of course, were not. Soon the Cellunapes were renamed Kotex, but they were still sold in packages without inscriptions and drawings.

Nevertheless, opinion polls confirmed that only embarrassment when buying prevents the wide distribution of new products - women did not like reusable felt pads, but they were embarrassed to ask for “sanitary napkins” at the pharmacy. The times were very puritanical, especially in America.

Then the manufacturing companies (such as Kotex, Fax and others) launched a wide campaign on a very accurate, but persistent and thoughtful advertising of hygiene products, the most important link of which were books for girls, where they talked about puberty, menstruation and "unobtrusively" the need to use the products of this or that company (the most famous such book is "The 12th Birthday of Marjorie May", which caused an outburst of indignation among old-fashioned moralists). Disney made an educational cartoon about menstruation for girls. An advertisement for pads appeared on the pages of women's magazines.

This policy led to a fairly rapid success, by 1940 the share of reusable felt pads decreased to 20%, and after the war, by the end of the 40s. - up to 1%, after which reusable pads are a thing of the past. Nevertheless, only the sexual revolution of the 60s. finally removed many taboos, including the taboo on television and street advertising of feminine hygiene products.

What were the first industrial gaskets like Kotex? Menstrual belts were used to carry the "napkins". Euro-American belts differed from Japanese ones, which resembled an inverted basket - they were a fairly thin horizontal elastic belt worn at the waist, from which two straps descended in front and behind, ending in metal clips (like curtain clips). A gasket was attached to these clamps, passed between the legs. The designs of the belts were somewhat different, but had the same basic diagram. The pads themselves were very long and thick, usually rectangular in shape, and covered the entire crotch. The absorbency of the pads was rather low, so sometimes two pads were attached to the belt at once. Changing the pad was not an easy task; after urination, the woman most likely always had a new pad installed. This led to the fact that women preferred to endure as long as possible before going to the toilet, which was detrimental to health. Considering that then stockings were worn, also attached to the belt, then one can imagine how much time and effort the process of urination of a menstruating woman took then.

The gaskets were different, and the opinions of women about them are very different, so it is not easy to draw a general conclusion. Apparently, these pads were soft and did not chafe the vulva. On the other hand, it was difficult to install them in the desired position, they often got confused and leaked, even though they were somewhat thickened at the bottom. Therefore, women wore special tight briefs, sometimes with a waterproof layer in the crotch, which reduced leaks, but caused increased sweating of the vulva. Some underpants had special devices for additional fastening of the pad. If a menstruating woman was going to dance or wear expensive beautiful clothes, then for additional protection they also wore something like a sash. These gaskets had to be changed several times a day.

Nevertheless, for Europe and America, it was a huge step forward - from reusable to disposable hygiene products. Such belts were quite widespread until the end of the 60s, but later gradually faded away with the advent of pads with an adhesive layer, which had a different wearing principle.

The first industrial tampons appeared in America in the late 1920s. (Fax, Fibs, Wix). They did not have applicators, sometimes even lanyards. The first tampon with an applicator (the famous Tampax) appeared in America in 1936 and began to spread gradually. The proliferation of tampons was greatly aided by Dickinson's famous report, "Tampons as a Menstrual Remedy," published in 1945 in the Journal of the American Medical Association. This report helped to some extent to overcome women's mistrust of the very idea of a tampon. Nevertheless, in the 20s - 50s. tampons for American and European women were still "exotic", and tampons were widely used, apparently, only in the 70s.

Disposable pads of the current concept were introduced around the late 1960s. - thinner ones that did not require belts to wear, but were placed in panties or stockings. Note, however, that the very first such disposable pads by Johnson & Johnson appeared back in 1890 (!), Curads in 1920, but they did not take root at all then, since the female society was simply not ready for the idea of disposable hygiene products.

In the 1960s, tampons with applicators of various types - from pin to telescopic, usually plastic, became more common. At the same time, advertising of pads and tampons on television and in women's magazines was widely deployed.

Acceleration (due to which the age of first menstruation within just a few generations decreased from 16 to 12-13 years), an increase in the age of menopause (cessation of menstruation), the widespread development of contraceptives, a significant decrease in the number of children in the European and American families, the development of emancipation - all this led to an increase in the number of menstruation in the life of women and made the problem of hygiene much more urgent than before. The revitalization of women's life also set new requirements - the speed of changing hygiene products, invisibility to others, availability for sale, reliability, ease of wearing, etc. All this could be provided only by disposable hygienic products of industrial production. Already in the 70s. the life of a civilized woman without factory tampons and pads has become unimaginable.

In the 80s, the gaskets continued to be improved, a protective bottom layer and a "dry" absorbing layer, wings appeared; began to use absorbent materials that turn blood into a gel; pads began to be made taking into account the structure of the female perineum (anatomical shape). The pads became more blood-consuming and at the same time thinner, the range expanded - from the mighty “overnight” to the thinnest “for every day”. Tampons also developed - for example, tampons with telescopic applicators became more popular, which began to be made more often from cardboard (because, unlike plastic, cardboard is easily dissolved in water and therefore is more preferable from an environmental point of view).

Around the same period, feminine hygiene products began to rapidly internationalize - brands such as Tampax, Ob, Kotex, Always, Libresse and others are widespread throughout the world and are rarely found only in poor countries (however, the richest ladies, even in the poorest countries, are increasingly use world brands). Some countries add their own “national” brands to them. National brands can be roughly divided into two categories. The first one is cheaper in comparison with international models. In Poland, these are Bella gaskets, in Russia - Angelina, Veronica and others, including Polish ones. Such products are generally not as convenient as international ones. The second category is products that meet national tastes and preferences to a greater extent than international ones. In France, for example, Nana and Vania pads (provided with a wrap in which the pads can be wrapped after use), in Japan, tampons with longer and usually plastic applicators, supplied with plastic bags for wrapping used tampons, etc.

Note that there are also certain national preferences in the choice of hygiene products. They are not always amenable to explanation, but they are often very well traced. So, Japanese women categorically do not accept the idea of inserting a finger into the vagina, therefore, almost all Japanese tampons have applicators, and rare non-applicator brands are supplied with rubber fingertips! In general, Japanese women definitely prefer pads. Asians, Hispanics and Russians also prefer to use pads. American women definitely prefer tampons, in Western Europe the prevalence of tampons and pads is comparable. The author assumes (but has no confirmation) that Muslim women use only pads, and homemade ones, since menstrual advertising is prohibited in Muslim countries.

In the USSR until the end of the 80s. industrial tampons did not exist at all, and industrial-made pads were extremely rare and were occasionally sold in pharmacies under the name ... "hygiene product" - in a word, the situation in America in the 1930s was reproduced with anecdotal accuracy. But in each book for schoolgirls, it was explained in detail how to make cotton pads wrapped in gauze. This "know-how" was perfectly mastered by all Soviet women.

The first Tampax tampons and pads appeared in the USSR in the early 90s. and caused a real sensation among women. Tampax's first ad appeared in Burda magazine in 1989. The page showed a tampon with an applicator in the background of a box. There was also a short text, the essence of which boiled down to the fact that with Tampax tampons in the vaginas, Russian women would gain freedom and unprecedented comfort.

The author personally observed how female students literally froze when they opened a page with this advertisement and studied the contents of this advertisement for a long time. The magazine passed from hand to hand until all the students were familiar with this advertisement. An interesting psychological subtlety: usually the girls looked at the page in groups of two, often whispering to each other. Consequently, they were not ashamed of menstruation among themselves, but when the guys appeared, they pretended to be considering the styles of dresses. It should be noted that at the time of the appearance of this advertisement, neither tampons nor pads were on sale, and the girls could only use homemade pads. The girls were delighted with the idea of the tampon.

At first, hygiene products were expensive, there were many cheap, low-quality Eastern European handicrafts, so the spread of new hygiene products was rather slow. The first to menstruate in industrial products were rich ladies, girlfriends of bandits, thieves and other "new Russians". However, the spread of world brands was hampered not only by the high price and general poverty, but also by a certain prejudice of Soviet women against industrial hygiene products (“why buy at a high price, when I myself can make a pad much cheaper”). Foreign manufacturers were interested in the speedy distribution of their products on the Russian market. And then, as in post-war America, advertising was launched into battle, the purpose of which in our case was to convince Russian women that menstruating "the old fashioned way" in homemade pads was now simply out of fashion. It was necessary to break the stereotype and convince women, especially young women, that life without Coteks, Tampaxes, Olvays is simply impossible.

Everyone remembers the times when the country literally drowned in advertising menstruation. This flood of advertising, very tactless, loud and intrusive, at first terribly embarrassed and shocked both women and men. There was even a movement "Against advertising of pads and for maiden honor" (however, we note that pads have nothing to do with maiden honor, rather the opposite - the one that "observes honor" just definitely menstruates, unlike her "flown" girlfriends ). However, the impudent and assertive advertising has done its job - the modern generation of 15 - 25-year-old girls menstruate only in pads and tampons of industrial production and simply do not agree with any homemade products (although the secret of making homemade products has probably not been lost in the Russian provinces). In addition, the embarrassment of girls in this matter has decreased - if earlier girls did not talk about their menstruation in principle and were extremely embarrassed about any mention of it, now girls look at menstruation as a completely natural phenomenon - intimate, but in principle not shameful. Thank you for this ad. "

For a number of reasons, I plunged into diverse historical sources. Introduced me into the study of hygiene products.
In particular - female pads.

If a woman has an outflow of blood flowing from her body,
then she must sit seven days during her purification,
and everyone who touches it will be unclean until evening.
(Leviticus 15:19)

Throughout the centuries, there have been a wide variety of hygiene options. One of the oldest methods is the seclusion (i.e. isolation) of menstruating women from society. It was common in Polynesia and among African tribes. Each settlement had a special hut for menstruating, in which women were supposed to be during their menstruation. Why was this done? In short, it boils down to isolating menstruating women in order to ensure their greatest safety. However, was this goal the only one? Here is a quote from one historian: “... because. the clothes of women of that time did not completely hide their condition, then such a woman would become an object of ridicule for others, if even the slightest trace of her illness was noticed on her, she would lose the affection of her husband or lover. Thus, we see that natural bashfulness is based solely on the consciousness of one's own lack and the fear of ceasing to be liked. " So, the lack of basic hygiene products in ancient times forced a woman to be isolated during menstruation. The emergence of menstrual hygiene products made seclusion unnecessary, but it became necessary to develop hygiene products, the main task of which was both to ensure the absorption of secretions and to hide the woman's condition from others.

In Polynesia, specially prepared bark of plants, grass, sometimes animal skins and sea sponges were used. The Indian women of North America seem to have done much the same.

In Europe during the Middle Ages, feminine hygiene was at its lowest. Commoners, for example, simply used the flaps of shirts or petticoats tucked between their legs. In Russia in the XVII-XVIII centuries. sometimes used the so-called. "Shameful ports", that is, something like tight-fitting trousers or long panties (ordinary panties were not worn then) made of thick material - menstrual flow was absorbed directly by the ports that were under the extensive skirts.

It should be noted that in the Middle Ages, menstruation was a rare "guest" for European women. Menstruation then began at the age of 16-18 years, stopped at the age of about 40-45 years. Because there were no contraceptives, many women were almost constantly in a state of pregnancy or lactation (in the process of breastfeeding, menstruation is usually absent). Thus, many women in their entire life could have only 10-20 menstruation, i.e. as much as a modern woman has on average in a year or two. It is clear that the issues of menstrual hygiene were not then as acute for European women as they are now. However, by the end of the XIX-beginning of the XX century. the problem of menstrual hygiene for American and European women was already extremely acute.

In America and Europe of the late XIX-early XX century. used reusable homemade felt or canvas pads, which were folded into a bag after use, then washed and reused. Some adopted the Chinese method using paper envelopes. In cases where it was impossible to carry a used gasket with them or it was not advisable to keep the gasket, the women burned it in the fireplace. The custom of burning the gaskets in the fireplace did not arise by accident. The fact is that the toilet bowl became widespread only at the end of the 19th century. (although it appeared two centuries earlier). Before the advent of the toilet in England (and in many European countries), women wrote in pots, while closing in a bedroom or other room; after urination or defecation, the pots were taken out by the servant or by the woman herself. Therefore, menstrual hygiene products were changed in the rooms as well. there were simply no special toilet facilities at that time. Note that in those days, almost any dwelling was equipped with a fireplace. Therefore, it was easier to burn the gasket in the fireplace than to take it out in the trash. This was especially true when a woman was traveling - in this case, apparently, it was easier to donate a reusable pad than to carry it with you for a long time. For this purpose, a fireplace was used. At the end of the XIX century. in England there were even special portable crucibles for burning gaskets - for those cases when there was no fireplace at hand!

A striking example of a girl's reaction to menstruation, which came like a bolt from the blue, is offered by Boris Pasternak's Childhood Luvers. The first menstruation did not bring Zhenya Luvers any joy. On the contrary, the girl received a scolding from the governess, who considered bleeding something shameful:

The Frenchwoman first yelled at her, and then took the scissors and cut off the place in the bearskin that was bloody.

The girl does not receive any explanations about her condition, and all day she is tormented by an oppressive feeling:

It seemed to her that now they would always be shouting at her, and her head would never go away, and would constantly ache, and that page in her favorite book, which stupidly floated in front of her, like a textbook after dinner, would never again be understood.

But the initial reaction of the governess was still in bloom, while the berries were waiting for the unfortunate girl the next day, when she accidentally stained her nightgown.

Zhenya began to go to bed and saw that the day was long from the same as that, and at first she thought to get scissors and cut these places in the shirt and on the sheet, but then she decided to take the powder from the French woman and wipe it with white, and already grabbed powder box, as the Frenchwoman entered and hit her. All sin was concentrated in powder. "She powders herself. Only that was lacking. Now she understood at last. She noticed for a long time!"

Of course, Zhenya burst into tears, not so much from the injustice of the punishment, but from the fact that she felt an even worse crime, perhaps deserving even more severe censure. Since physical pain is added to the psychologically unpleasant situation, the girl becomes so ill that she can even drown herself (fortunately, she is stopped by the fact that the water in the river at this time is still very cold - Pasternak's excellent knowledge of adolescent psychology).

Zhenya burst into tears from the beatings, from screaming and from resentment; from the fact that, feeling innocent of what the Frenchwoman suspected her of, she knew something behind herself that was - she felt it - much worse than her suspicions. It was necessary - it was felt to the point of dullness, it was felt in the calves and in the temples - it was necessary, no one knew why and why to hide it, as you liked and at any cost. Joints, November, floated in a continuous hypnotic suggestion. Tormenting and exhausting, suggestion was the work of the organism, which concealed the meaning of everything from the girl and, behaving like a criminal, made her believe in this bleeding some kind of nauseating, vile evil. "Menteuse!" - I had only to deny, stubbornly locked myself in what was the most disgusting and was somewhere in the middle between the shame of illiteracy and the shame of a street incident. I had to flinch, gritting my teeth, and, choking on tears, huddle against the wall. It was impossible to rush into the Kama, because it was still cold and the last storms were going along the river.

Fortunately, Zhenya's mom restores justice and kicks out the French villain. From this passage, we can conclude that, firstly, Zhenya Luvers does not know what measures to take during menstruation, and secondly, he considers this phenomenon to be something sinful, something that will brand her as a criminal. It is likely that girls in the 19th century thought that way. This is especially true for adolescents who lived in large cities, where children were cut off from nature and could not observe physiological processes in the same barnyard. It is possible that things were different in the countryside.

Either way, the feeling of guilt that Zhenya Luvers felt was quite common among women in the Victorian era. Menstruation was considered a disease in general, and menstruation accompanied by severe discomfort - some extremely vile and unnatural disease: “If any stage of menstruation is accompanied by pain, then something is wrong either with the clothes, or with the diet, or with the woman’s behavior. " In other words, public opinion adhered to the "blame itself." Responsibility for the painful menstruation fell on the shoulders of the unfortunate sufferer. Well, since she herself was guilty - for example, having read a heartbreaking novel at night - she had no right to complain so as not to inadvertently disturb others. In 1885, American woman Almira MacDonald wrote in her diary:

April 19th - I have my period, severe pain all day - what a shame that I feel so bad, it might upset Angus (her husband).
April 20th - At 9:40 am Angus took the train to Chicago. I feel better. It's so hard that he leaves when I feel bad, but I have to hope for the best.

Documents from that era open the curtain on hygiene during menstruation. The researchers drew on most of the data from American sources, but most likely the same tools were used in Europe. In particular, in the materials of the investigation into the murder of a certain Lizzie Borden, a cloth pad is described, a little smaller than a diaper. The pads were rinsed in a bath and then dried. Light housework was considered the best way to regulate menstruation and relieve pain. On the other hand, reading and any mental activity, according to popular belief, took away too much energy and caused blood to drain from the genitals, thereby causing damage to a woman and even causing infertility. In addition, there were various remedies, both folk and patented, to stop the flow of blood. Such is, for example, the recipe for Dr. Chase's hemostatic balm. If, after using this drug, the patient did not dream of a soapy rope, then she probably had an enviable nervous system.

Pour two and a half drachmas (1 drachma - 3.69 grams) of sulfuric acid into a pharmaceutical mortar, slowly add one drachma of turpentine oil, stirring constantly with a pestle, and one drachma of alcohol. Stir until the mixture stops smoking, then place the mixture in a sealed glass bottle. The mixture should be clear, red in color, like dark blood. If made from low quality materials, it will be pale, dirty red, and unusable. Dose - Add 40 drops to a teacup, grind with a teaspoon of brown sugar, pour into a cup of water until the cup is nearly full, and drink immediately. Repeat every hour for 3-4 hours, but stop if bleeding worsens. The medicine does not deteriorate, but a film may form on it over time.

Dr. Chase's book included many more recipes.

In addition to such eerie recipes, more gentle remedies were used - for example, ginger tea for cramps and hot water bottles. Among the proposals for the relief of menstruation came across and quite reasonable. For example, many doctors spoke out against corsets, which not only worsened the condition of a woman during menstruation, but were generally extremely harmful, contributing, according to doctors who did not know the measure, both the birth of children with small heads and prolapse of the uterus. We should dwell on the last point in more detail, because here we again notice some obsession with the womb of the Victorians. The remedies for uterine prolapse were as drastic and intimidating as the remedies for painful menstruation. In particular, pessaries made of wood, bone, metal, rubber, etc. were used to support the uterus. Usually this structure consisted of a disc attached to a rod. A spring in the rod provided pressure on the uterus when the pessary was inserted into the vagina.
A metal wire connected a rod to a belt. Some types of pessaries did not need to be removed during intercourse, but doctors generally advised taking them out at night. Fortunately, pessaries were used for medicinal purposes, so not all women wore them. And this cannot but rejoice.
In the late 19th century, electrodes became popular, delivering current to various parts of the body that required treatment. Fortunately, the current was very weak.
Menstruation in Victorian times caused a lot of speculation and misinterpretation. Logically, getting rid of this ailment should have seemed supreme bliss. Still - no one stuffs you with acid, does not take away books, does not send you to run around the house with a mop when you want to quietly curl up into a ball, no one looks at you as if you were in Bedlam with one foot and had already raised the other leg. Heaven on earth! But no, the reality was much more complicated. Doctors waited for menopause to say "Aha!" For menopause was considered a transition into a much more terrible time in life - it was time to reap what you sowed earlier. With menopause came the time of reckoning for the sins of youth, such as sexual intemperance, love of fashionable clothes, and participation in the civil liberties movement. Doctors promised a whole swarm of diseases for sinners, and women who shirked the sacred duty of any Victorian woman - the birth of children, could sew themselves a shroud. For the prospects were not bright for them. However, they could always follow the favorite advice of the Victorian moralists - to suffer and be silent.

But let's go back to the 20th century.

It wasn't until the 1970s that the habit of wrapping used pads in paper or newspaper and throwing them in the trash bin was formed. XX century with the widespread use of disposable pads - before that, as we can see, either preserving the pads for subsequent washing, or burning or throwing them away was used. Nonetheless, reusable panty liners were uncomfortable for women, not only because of the unpleasant washing (which maids did for the rich), but also because of the need to collect used pads during menstruation.

For additional protection, aprons were used, dressed in the manner of underwear, that is, they additionally protected the upper skirt from contamination. Quite a long time in the 1910-30s. (or even longer) in America (possibly in Europe) menstrual briefs were used, called briefs or bloomers (the origin of the names is unclear, they are not translated into Russian). Tampons, like disposable pads, were virtually unknown in America, Europe and Asia at the time.

Significant changes took place during the 1st World War. Then the French nurses in military hospitals noticed that the cellucotton material (something like cotton wool made from cellulose) developed by the American company Kimberly Clark, which was widely supplied to Europe for military purposes, perfectly absorbs menstrual flow and began to use it, in fact having created the first self-made, but already disposable pads in Europe.

This discovery had a significant impact on the further development of menstrual hygiene, advising Kimberly Clark to produce pads from this material. The first disposable pads, called Cellunap, were produced in 1920, but marketing them in America proved to be extremely problematic. In principle, women were enthusiastic about the idea of disposable pads (this was shown by a thorough and very difficult sociological survey at that time), but it was obvious that women were very shy about menstruation. Advertising or flaunting the pads was then unthinkable, women were embarrassed to even buy pads, which were then only sold in pharmacies; often mothers sent foolish little daughters for pads. When buying, women were very embarrassed to even pronounce the name of the product, using only the last syllable, i.e. "Nap" Nap (nap) - in English means "napkin", and this term is quite widely rooted - for many years the word nap was used to refer to pads, that is, a napkin, although napkins, of course, were not. Soon the Cellunapes were renamed Kotex, but they were still sold in packages without inscriptions and drawings.

The first industrial tampons appeared in America in the late 1920s. (Fax, Fibs, Wix). They did not have applicators, sometimes even lanyards. The first tampon with an applicator (the famous Tampax) appeared in America in 1936 and began to spread gradually. The proliferation of tampons was greatly facilitated by Dickinson's famous report, "Tampons as a Menstrual Remedy," published in 1945 in the Journal of the American Medical Association. This report helped to some extent to overcome women's mistrust of the very idea of a tampon. Nevertheless, in the 20s-50s. tampons for American and European women were still "exotic", and tampons were widely used, apparently, only in the 70s.

Acceleration (due to which the age of first menstruation within just a few generations decreased from 16 to 12-13 years), an increase in the age of menopause (cessation of menstruation), the widespread development of contraceptives, a significant decrease in the number of children in European and American families, the development of emancipation - all this led to an increase in the number of menstruation in the life of women and made the problem of hygiene much more urgent than before. The revitalization of women's lives also set new requirements - the speed of changing hygiene products, invisibility to others, availability for sale, reliability, ease of wearing, etc. All this could be provided only by disposable hygienic products of industrial production. Already in the 70s. the life of a civilized woman without factory tampons and pads has become unimaginable.

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