Colored pencils. A large set of colored pencils "Painting" from the Sacco and Vanzetti factory. Pencils in small sets are made of some kind of indistinct synthetics. Collets were also produced for colored leads (larger diameter), it was possible to insert a serge instead of a lead and use it as a ballpoint pen.

The pencil case is plastic. Produces a gorgeous "chpok" when you open it sharply.


uh retired boxing


The side walls and partition of the pencil case are wooden, and the bottom and lid are made of plastic, with which the desk covers were pasted over. I got one as a present at the "graduation" from kindergarten, only the ridiculous picture on the lid was different.

"Push-button" handles. The rod is short and with a spring projection. If necessary, such a rod was inserted into an ordinary handle, supplied with an "extension" made of a match.

Ballpoint pens. Along the edges of the handle, one of the most inexpensive, which was most often supplied to elementary school students, the second on the left differs in the proportions of the halves - it unscrews almost in half. The third pen from the left is from a notebook of some kind or something. For a short rod. It was possible to use a short rod from the "push-button".

Ink pens. In the late eighties, such people met only at the post office and in savings banks, where they filled out receipts. And when publishing "wall newspapers" - then instead of the usual pen they used the so-called. poster like on the second from the left. Fountain pens are still in use, and Rainbow ink is still being produced.

Pencils. Collet pencils on the left. On the right is chemical - when the lead gets wet, it turns blue. The second from the right is a pencil with an eraser, it is slightly larger in diameter than ordinary pencils.

Legendary Czechoslovakian cohinoor.

Fashionable pencil case with Velcro. Mostly pencil cases of this type came across red, and instead of Velcro, it was closed with a quickly detached strap.

Wooden rulers.

Rulers "special": logarithmic and track. Inside there is a metal rod with a notch, which in the window shows the distance by which the ruler was moved up or down.

A set of drawing accessories.


Paper clips, buttons und hole punch

The line is officer. Now these are also made, but before they were from the QUICK BURNER ™! It was convenient to use in Russian lessons, underlining some parts of speech with a wavy line. I don't know if they were popular in ordinary schools - in our class there were mostly military children. They also produced larger "marine" rulers with a different set of "symbols", I also removed this for artifacts 76-82.

Drawing set from the 70s.

Calculators)

Any other rulers, protractors, patterns, stencils, etc.

Scissors with a sheath.

And these are font stencils. They were produced in different sizes. The smallest letters were of a different kind than the large ones.

Folders for papers.

When they appeared in the Soviet Union

Ballpoint pens became widespread in the USSR at the end of the 60s, but for a long time they were not adopted by Soviet schoolchildren. At first, the quality of such writing instruments left much to be desired. But the main reason for the refusal to use ballpoint pens was the struggle for the calligraphic handwriting of the Soviet student.

Until the mid-70s, schoolchildren in the USSR used nibs with non-spillable inkwells and later - fountain pens refueled with ink from factory bottles. If the teacher noticed that the text in the notebook was written with a ballpoint pen, he could give the student a "two" as for unfulfilled work.

What are the disadvantages of a ballpoint pen

According to the director of the Moscow school No. 760 Garmash, the Soviet bans on the use of ballpoint pens were designed not only and not so much to develop a beautiful handwriting in a child, but to provide optimal conditions for his psychophysical development.
Vladimir Yuryevich refers to the opinions of doctors, who did not draw conclusions in favor of ballpoint pens for young children: with such a letter, the child suffers from breath holding, heart rhythm failure. In addition, a junior pupil can write continuously with a ballpoint pen in this mode for up to 20 minutes, which adversely affects his health.

When writing with a ballpoint pen, the muscles of the student's back and abdomen are tense, which causes the child's motor skills to suffer. Largely due to this forced stiffness, many children's diseases arise, the educational and cognitive capabilities of children are reduced.

Pluses of the pen

Another authoritative specialist in the field of pedagogy and medicine, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Honorary Worker of General Education VF Bazarny, agrees with Vladimir Yuryevich. Vladimir Filippovich is convinced that refusing to use fountain pens in Soviet schools was the wrong decision: these writing instruments are optimal for developing certain skills in a child at school, and moreover, the process of writing with a fountain pen takes place in unison with the psychophysical activity of a student.

Firstly, the use of a fountain pen initially correctly "puts" the child's hand, and secondly, the vital rhythms of the body - brain impulses, heartbeat, respiratory rate, proceed at the same frequency as the process of impulse-pressure calligraphic writing with such a device, says Bazarny ...

Such a letter, according to the scientist, over time contributes to the development of motor automatism in a child, consistent with the nature of endogenous biorhythms. Bazarny is convinced that it is enough to use fountain pens during the first years of study - then a person will retain the necessary, correct writing rhythm when writing with other accessories.

Teachers from the Balashikha zemstvo gymnasium, where students use fountain pens, say that children use them to write more competently and deliberately. The child performs the task more calmly, because the frequency of clicks on the pen coincides with the heart rate. What's more, a fountain pen is easier to write with than a ballpoint pen: you don't have to press so hard on the paper.

In which countries do they write with fountain pens?

At the state level, primary school students are obliged to use fountain pens in Ukraine and Germany. Last year, the Association of Parents' Committees and Communities addressed an open letter to the President of Russia, the Minister of Education and other authorized persons, in which it asked to support the system of education and national patriotic education of children "Russian Classical School".

The project, in particular, provides for a return to many positive teaching methods and tools in educational institutions that were used in the USSR. There is also a clause in it about the mandatory use of fountain pens instead of ballpoint pens in elementary grades.

With the arrival of ballpoint pens on the stationery market, schoolchildren could breathe a sigh of relief. Blots, blotting paper, ink-filled notebooks, smeared hands, face are a thing of the past. After all, earlier the task of a schoolchild was not so much teaching writing as the ability to handle pens and inkpots.

The emergence of ballpoint pens

The main disadvantage of fountain pens and fountain pens was the need for regular wetting of the pen with ink, which was still acceptable at school, but significantly slowed down any processes in the adult world - from political to industrial. A particular need for transformation was observed where pilots were forced to use pencils.

The idea of ​​a permanent supply of ink to the nib of a pen has been considered by inventors for a long time. The first analogs of a pen with a ball mounted in a nib were found on the territory of modern Armenia in a drawing dated 1166.

Subsequently, the idea of ​​a rotating tip was returned several times - 350 patents were issued in the United States alone. But the official inventors are the American John D. Loud and the Hungarians Laszlo and Georg Biro, who patented the leak-proof pens.

The idea to organize in the Soviet Union its own production of ballpoint pens arose in 1949. It was not in the tradition of the Soviet state to buy patents, especially for public consumption. Therefore, on the basis of the best world samples, domestic copies were created.

The production of ballpoint pens was carried out by enterprises of the local industry and industrial cooperation. The quality of the product was so low that the introduction of the first ballpoint pens went off without much hype. The bad design of the nib assembly was a problem. Inconvenience was also created by the complex procedure of re-filling the balloon - a ball was removed from the tip, a new portion of ink was pumped through the hole with a syringe, and the ball was rolled back into the sphere. There were even stationary gas stations.

The quality of the ink left much to be desired, for the production of which they began to use a mixture of castor oil and rosin.

At that time, the Union did not have the technological capabilities to eliminate these shortcomings, pens were no longer in demand and they were no longer produced.

The production of ballpoint pens resumed in 1965 at the Kuibyshev Ball Bearing Plant. Then the Swiss equipment for the production of writing units was purchased and it was possible to find out the formulation of Parker ink.

However, the introduction of ballpoint pens into popular culture took place in the early 70s.

The popularization of the model was hampered by educational standards, according to which great importance was attached to the formation of handwriting. The technical capabilities of the ballpoint pen did not allow realizing the requirements for “writing out” letters that were available at that time.

For a long time, the issue of accessories was a problem - it was extremely difficult to replace a written-in rod, it was necessary to buy a new one.

But with the solution of these issues in the Union, the design boom of ballpoint pens began. Sets of colored pens, automatic, two-, four-, six-color ballpoint pens began to be produced.

An interesting fact: from the Kremlin leaders, MS was the first to sign documents with a Parker ballpoint pen. Gorbachev. Previous chiefs preferred either pencils or solid ink utensils.

This pen is already half a century old.

Ballpoint pens appeared in the West even before World War II. But, of course, they came to our country with a significant delay. Over the hill, they were already switching to pagers and computers, and here, as usual, they tried to invent a bicycle, that is, our Soviet ballpoint pen.

To be fair, it should be noted that it was not so easy to do this simple thing. The first attempts were made in 1949, but they were not crowned with much success. The balls turned out to be not balls at all, but arbitrary geometric bodies, and the ink was a substance with unpredictable properties. Time passed, our scientists racked their brains: how so? Eisenhower signs "Parkers", and we have not been able to create anything worthy for 5 years! Our homeland was saved by another Kulibin, who proposed an original chemical formula, which Western scientists never thought of: castor oil + rosin = ink. Not God knows what formula, but not bad either. In general, by 1965, things went well, and ballpoint pens began to be produced more or less in large quantities, on Swiss equipment.

During these years, special pens for writing in zero gravity were developed, which were used by cosmonauts on the spacecraft SOYUZ-3 and SOYUZ-4, the first domestic markers, special writing units (pyrographs) for the recording equipment of power plants were developed.

The principle of operation of a ballpoint pen is quite simple. The channel through which the ink passes is blocked at the end with a metal ball, which should be wetted with ink. A small gap between the ball and the walls allows it to rotate and leave a mark on the paper.

Nowadays, the ballpoint pen principle is used in other devices, for example, in a roll-on deodorant or a tube of glue.

In Science and Life magazine, the "Little Tricks" section gave advice on how to fix ballpoint pens.

For example, Treatment of the staining rod.

After repeatedly refilling the ballpoint pen, the gap between the edges of the rod and the ball increases and the pen begins to write worse - it gets dirty. This defect will disappear if the end of the rod is squeezed. The simplest "crimp" can be a pushpin stuck into a tree. Place the end of the tilted bar in the corner of the button cutout and, applying slight pressure, rotate it

Storing ballpoint refills.

A supply of ballpoint refills can be stored for years in a tightly-capped test tube without fear of the paste drying out. If dried rods are placed in a test tube with fresh rods, they will soon restore their properties.

Once upon a time we "treated" the pen like this: we took it apart, took the pen and pulled off the pen with our teeth, carefully blew into the pen, inserted the pen back into the pen, assembled the pen and continued to write. Ink marks remained in the corner of his mouth. I don’t remember anyone getting poisoned with them.

In the funds of the 5th channel there is a wonderful short video clip dedicated to the first ballpoint pens in the USSR. I highly recommend watching it, it helps to feel the atmosphere that reigned in those years in the ballpoint pen industry.

Petersburg speaks and shows Original "

It is believed that when ballpoint pens became generally available, they were banned from writing in schools. What is the logic here is not entirely clear. Maybe the blot from them was even more than from the fountain pens, maybe the handwriting was losing its individuality, or maybe there was some other attack. But it was, it was - not for us to judge. New pens began to be used en masse around 1970.

To my question, my dad replied that he wrote with a ballpoint pen in high school - this is at the end of the 60s. I have not heard of the ban. The first graders did not write with a ballpoint pen, because such pens were not often on sale, at least in Ryazan. They cost 2 rubles - not cheap at that time. For first graders, this is a luxury.

Then there was the subject - calligraphy or "writing". We learned to draw letters with a pen. When in the first grades they taught to write with fountain pens, they did it for a reason, but with the aim of precisely placing the hand correctly. After all, if the fountain pen is not held correctly, then it simply will not write.

They taught to write with the so-called "simple pen": a wooden round colored stick with a metal clip at one end, into which a steel nib was inserted, and the pen was dipped into an inkwell.

It was necessary to monitor not only the correctness of the outline of the letter, but also the pressure of the pen in one or another part of the line: the thickness of the line depended on it. There were special notebooks "pre-filled" in a typographic way - copybooks, and they left a place for inscribing their own achievements in calligraphy, and the exercises were done in ordinary notebooks in an oblique ruler. In the copybooks, they wrote the entire first quarter, and only then were they prescribed notebooks for us in an oblique ruler.

There were also mysterious sippy inkwells. I could not understand why the "siphones" if they were not closed with anything. Something like ink will spill through the hole and stain everything around! And they were also carried in knapsacks. I found a video.

Until the turn of the 70s and 80s, state-owned simple fountain pens and inkpots were waiting for Soviet people at the post offices, in savings banks and at passport desks on tables to fill out forms for Soviet people. The last time I saw them at the Ryazan post office was in the first half of the 80s .. I tried to write them on paper - it got dirty.

Recently, it has been said that children are better off learning to write with fountain pens. Why? There is such a theory - when using a pen, the hand is exposed to less stress. Everyone who has used the pen notes that there is practically no tension in the hand and wrist after a long continuous writing. In order for the paste of a ballpoint pen to leave a mark on the paper, you have to make an effort, to press on the pen, as a result, you want to quickly get rid of the "scribbling" as an extremely tedious activity. The pen, in turn, leaves a smooth and crisp line on the paper, even with a light touch on the paper.

Svetagor in her blog cited an excerpt from the Internet, how someone's son learned to write. He wrote sloppily with a ballpoint pen, like any first-grader, but he went to a German school, and there the rule is that for the first two years schoolchildren write with a pencil, and all the other eleven years of school - without fail with a fountain pen. After leaving school, no one ever uses a fountain pen. The father decided to figure out why children should learn to write with a füller (in German - a fountain pen). As if against their will, children get used to write beautifully.

The index finger bends strongly.

The fingers are more relaxed.

The biggest plus of the fountain pen is the pressure sensitivity. They pressed more - the line turned out thicker. They let go a little - the line turned out to be thin. Even a slight pressure is felt by a fountain pen (whereas a ballpoint pen would simply not be able to write with such a weak pressure). What does it mean? This means you can vary the pressure when writing with a fountain pen. We draw a line down - pressing more. We draw a line up - pressing less. At the same time, our hand sometimes strains, then relaxes. Relaxation relieves tension.

Lines, letters, numbers written with a pen are smoother than if we wrote with a ballpoint pen. When writing slowly with a ballpoint pen (and all children start with slow writing), some irregularities, bumps, and lines "tremble" appear.

The disadvantages of a fountain pen include handling difficulties. For example, ink can dry out and it takes time to paint a pen. Also, writing can be sloppy due to the fact that the pen is leaking. You can inadvertently "smear" the newly drawn line, or the ink can flow out due to poor quality paper.

When and how ballpoint pens appeared in the USSR and when they began to write in large quantities in schools.

A bit of nostalgia for the USSR.

I remember very well. when they began to write en masse with ballpoint pens in schools in the USSR, he himself was a participant in this process. Everything happened before my eyes and with my participation. I even remember when they first began to be sold in our regional center of the Sverdlovsk region.

The massive transition in schools to ballpoint pens in cities took place in 1970, below I will tell you how and why. They appeared in adults earlier, my parents wrote with them at work already in the fall of 1969. My father worked as an investigator, my mother was an economist, they were very advanced and advanced in everything. My parents took turns sometimes taking me to their place of work, and if in the summer of 1969 they still wrote with simple fountain pens (dad) or liquid fountain pens (mom), I remember the inkwells on the tables, then in the fall everything changed, they got ballpoint pens. That is, ballpoint pens in the Sverdlovsk region appeared on the free market in the summer of 1969. In Sverdlovsk, of course, a little earlier. But ballpoint pens cost 2 rubles in 1969.

Big money at that time, not many parents could afford their child - a schoolboy, such a luxury, the average salary in the USSR in 1969 was 110 rubles. And schoolchildren often lost pens, broke them, forgot them in class, besides, they could be stolen, and most importantly, they did not sell rods to them, the paste in the rod ran out in a month or two, buy a new pen. Here I am on September 1, 1969, went to school, first grade with a fountain pen. Inkwells - non-spill cans with ink were given out at school, they were already on the desks in a special recess under them. Nobody in our class had ballpoint pens until the spring of 1970.

But at the end of March 1970 (the snow began to melt on the street, so I remembered) I asked my mother, she bought me a ballpoint pen for 2 rubles ((A regular ballpoint pen, which later in the USSR could be bought for 35 kopecks). class! How proud I was of this pen! But in April 1970, the prices for pens were sharply reduced from 2 rubles to 1 ruble, it was a shame to me. people in the class appeared.

And it became even more offensive when the rod from this pen began to drip in mid-April 1970, stopped writing, and the rods were not sold separately. In some big cities, in the same Sverdlovsk, the rods were filled with paste-ink at the factories of consumer services, in our city they did not provide such a service, we envied the citizens of Sverdlovsk in this regard. The rod leaked, I was not myself, but my mother gave me her ballpoint pen at home in the evening. Thank you, mom, I remember everything, I haven't forgotten anything.

But in that fourth quarter, in the spring of 1970, only a few, about 20%, had ballpoint pens in our class. But at the beginning of the new school year, in September, almost everyone had ballpoint pens, from the beginning of the second quarter, everyone, both in our class and at school. Since the beginning of 1971, the inkwells were no longer used in our school; over time, they were decommissioned. Although I liked to write with ink better, I didn’t dip in it, but write with a bulk fountain pen, into which the ink is drawn.

Most of all I liked to write with a bulk fountain pen. The handwriting turned out to be calligraphic, and this changed the attitude to the task, influenced the result of the work. Liquid ink was collected in it and they were enough for several days.

That is, a sharp decline in the price of ballpoint pens from 2 rubles to 1 ruble in April 1970 made them widely available to schoolchildren in the USSR. And the reason for the decrease in the cost of ballpoint pens was the fact that several more factories for their production were launched in the country at the end of the 60s. At the same time, the production cost was low. And for what purpose have so many pens been produced? For schoolchildren and students to write with them, that is, it was initially assumed that schoolchildren would massively switch from antediluvian fountain pens to ballpoint pens. Therefore, since the beginning of the 1969 school year, the requirement for students' handwriting has been reduced, ballpoint pens have spoiled it. Although in some schools of the country first and second graders, due to the quirks of individual teachers and the City Department of Education and Science, wrote with fountain pens for several more years, they developed beautiful handwriting, but not in all. In addition, before the 1969/1970 school year, ballpoint pens were not produced in the USSR, they were in huge shortage and in schools they could not allow social inequality, so that few people wrote with ballpoint pens, like white people, and most with fountain pens, like the lower caste.

And one more nuance characteristic of the USSR, when pens cost 2 rubles, then at the beginning of 1970 they lay freely in all bookstores and stationery, and when they began to cost 1 ruble, they disappeared from sale in many cities for six months or a year. Especially in small ones, including ours. Despite the fact that their production in the USSR has grown significantly. But this did not last long. The shortage of fountain pens disappeared relatively quickly. The only exception is remote, remote areas of the country.

And since 1971 or 1972, I don't remember exactly, ballpoint pens have already cost 70 kopecks (then 35 kopecks) and since 1971 or 1972, rods have been sold freely everywhere at 15 kopecks apiece, then they dropped in price to 8 kopecks. And 3 rubles. there was a pen with four rods: blue, red, green and black, this was considered a steepness. A father like me bought in Volgograd in the spring of 1972, flew there to visit my grandmother for spring break. And I was very proud of this pen.

And by 1975, what kind of ballpoint pens did not appear on sale in the USSR, including those with an eye. You look into it, and there is a photograph, sometimes the Kremlin, sometimes the cruiser "Aurora", and sometimes not quite a decent image, it’s even a shame to look at it. But with an indecent picture, the pens were already handicraft or they were brought from the GDR, you turn the wheel in it, and the picture changes. For this, they could be expelled from school.

Briefly about the history of the production of ballpoint pens in the USSR.

The idea to organize in the Soviet Union its own production of ballpoint pens arose in 1949. The production of ballpoint pens was carried out by enterprises of the local industry and industrial cooperation. The quality of the product turned out to be extremely low, the first appearance of ballpoint pens in the USSR "came out lumpy", since it was impossible to provide the proper quality of microballs for the nibbler on domestic equipment. The quality of the ink left much to be desired, for the production of which a mixture of castor oil and rosin was used. By the way, earlier this mixture was used to poison flies in the USSR.

So we can safely say that for the first time in the USSR the production of ballpoint pens was launched in 1965 at the Kuibyshev Ball Bearing Plant. Then the Swiss equipment for the production of writing units was purchased and it was possible to obtain the Parker ink recipe. Although rods, as I wrote above, remained in short supply until 1971-1972, and even longer in remote areas.

In Western Europe and the United States, ballpoint pens went on sale in 1945 and caused a frenzy, but early designs were unsuccessful due to poor quality refills and ink, although they were prohibitively expensive. As a result, in the early 50s, they were significantly inferior in terms of the number of sales to fountain pens. And only in 1955, Marcel Bisch created the famous Bic ballpoint pens, high quality and cheap, which made his name famous and ensured the victory of the new over anachronism.

What can we say here, the USSR, having created atomic and hydrogen bombs, jet aircraft, computers, atomic icebreakers, atomic submarines, atomic reactors and the first to launch a man into space, could not independently establish the production of ballpoint pens. We can shoe a flea, that is, spoil the product, but creating something miniature, elegant is a problem for us. Our country is large and we are drawn to the creation of everything big, grandiose: the tsar bell, the tsar cannon. Doesn't work, but the biggest in the world. Only in the USSR at least something worked, but the USSR is long gone.

In the photo: a sample of a ballpoint pen, which was produced at the plant in Kuibyshev in 1965. They bought this one for me in the second grade. It cost 1.5 times more than ordinary pens and was considered more prestigious.