A general urine test, and other urine tests are a simple and painless laboratory technique for examining the body. Clinical results reveal many diseases and pathologies.

It is worth figuring out what a general urine test shows, because it is always listed first in the list of mandatory studies. In medical practice, urine is actually the most informative biological fluid for the study of many internal organs and urinary tract. This means that you need to understand what urine analysis shows in relation to various research methods, what it can determine, and why it is prescribed.

The general analysis of urine allows you to evaluate the physicochemical indicators of biological material and microscopic examination of the sediment. Urine is formed in the kidneys with accumulation in the bladder, and is excreted from the body through the genitourinary organ - the urethra. The process of urine formation, like excretion, occurs with the involvement of several body systems. That is why clinical analysis is always the first in the list of studies, which reveals the general state of the activity of many internal organs, and most importantly, the urinary system and kidneys.

Depending on what the general analysis of urine shows, the attending physician forms a further examination. So a clinical study of urine reveals many pathologies associated not only with the urinary tract:

• Diagnosis of kidney-related diseases: nephrosclerosis, nephritis, urolithiasis, amyloidosis, tumors.
• Identifies the study of ailments associated with the prostate gland, bladder.
• Identify pyelonephritis.
• A clinical urine test is prescribed, which shows and identifies the primary signs of developing diseases.
• A study should be carried out after suffering an infectious streptococcal disease: scarlet fever, tonsillitis.

Research Indicator Groups

Modern medicine uses urine as a valuable biological material in various methods that allow screening and diagnosis of many different pathologies of the body. However, the most extensive and widespread testing is clinical (general) urine analysis due to the following stages of indicators:

• Physical properties of biological material.
• Identifies and investigates low molecular weight organic compounds.
• Microscopy examines urinary sediment.

Previously, before sampling biomaterial, it is worth knowing about some of the preparation rules. After all, what the urine test shows is deciphered and diagnosed by a physician. As preparatory measures, it is meant:

• give up alcohol, fatty and spicy foods, urine-coloring products (beets, blueberries, etc.) per day;
• prepare a sterile container for collecting urine (a sterile glass container or a plastic container from a pharmacy);
• morning urine is collected after a preliminary hygiene of the genitals;
• delivery of biomaterial to the laboratory should be carried out within 2 hours maximum.

Cancer cells are able to develop latently for a long time, which leads to advanced stages of a deadly disease. Routine laboratory tests help to suspect pathogenic abnormalities. A blood test for oncology makes it possible to identify negative disorders in vital organs and find out their cause.

Blood test - an accurate test for oncology

Diagnostic indications

During their development, malignant cells consume a large amount of useful substances, taking "building material" from vital systems and poisoning them with the products of their existence.

This action causes certain changes in the patient's well-being:

• general weakness;
• fast fatiguability;
• loss of appetite;
• drastic weight loss.

In case of drastic weight loss, undergo a medical examination

Such symptoms should alert a person and encourage him to be examined.

The following conditions can be the grounds for conducting analyzes:

• the appearance of severe persistent pain in a certain organ, which does not lend itself to antispasmodic and analgesic drugs;
• the development of protracted inflammation, exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• unreasonable jumps in temperature upward;
• development of immunodeficiency;
• changes in taste and dysfunction of olfactory receptors.

A mandatory indication for the delivery of a general blood test is a preventive examination once a year. For biochemical research and tests for proteins produced by cells of various tumors - the disposition to cancer at the genetic level.

How do I prepare for the tests?

In order for the diagnostic results to be reliable, you need to properly prepare for donating blood for cancer cells.

1. The biological material must be taken on an empty stomach. The last consumption of food and any beverages should be 8–12 hours before the study.
2. Blood sampling is best done before 11 noon.
3. Two days earlier, you need to limit the use of junk food (fatty, fried, spicy), do not drink alcohol and do not take medications.
4. 2-3 days before donating blood, try not to overwork physically and mentally.
5. Refrain from smoking 3-4 hours before manipulation.

Refrain from smoking and alcohol before getting tested.

Before submitting biological material for tumor markers, if you suspect prostate cancer, it is better to refrain from sexual intercourse for 5-7 days.

Proper preparation for donating blood will help to find out the true cause of pathogenic abnormalities in the body and determine the clinical picture of the disease.

Can a blood test show cancer?

Many patients wonder if a blood test always shows cancer? The results of the study of biological material only indicate the development of the disease, which requires a more detailed study. It is impossible to diagnose cancer right away. To identify a specific type of tumor and its location, in addition to a general analysis, a biochemical method and tests for tumor markers are used.

Clinical analysis is performed to identify the causes of the patient's poor condition or for prevention purposes. Such a study reveals inflammatory processes and their location, which allows the doctor to suggest a diagnosis.

How to recognize cancer from plasma tests:

• increased ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate);
• changes in the leukocyte blood count (decrease or sharp increase in the number of leukocytes, jump in neutrophils);
• a significant deviation from the norm in the level of platelets (happens with blood cancer);
• damage to the membranes of erythrocytes, as a result of which pathogenic cells of echinocytes appear and hemoglobin falls;
• formation of immature blood cells in plasma (in bone marrow cancer).

Normal indicators of a complete blood count in men and women

Negative blood counts in the general analysis can indicate oncology and are direct indications for a comprehensive diagnosis, additional tests that will help detect cancer.

Clinical study of biological material can indicate not only the presence of cancer, but also its degree (usually advanced). Biochemical analysis and a test for tumor markers help to identify the disease in the early stages.

Blood chemistry

Biochemical analysis is an expanded form of clinical study of biological material.

In case of cancer, the following changes in blood counts will occur:

• decreased proteins and albumin;
• increased urea, which may indicate protein breakdown due to tumor intoxication;
• increased blood sugar;
• exceeding the permissible values ​​of bilirubin;
• an increase in the level of alkaline phosphatase (manifested in tumors in the bone tissue or metastases in the bile, liver and other organs).

Blood counts for oncology

Biochemical analysis alone is not enough to identify cancer. Therefore, doctors use another study - called a test for tumor markers. It can show the presence of substances in the plasma that are secreted by cancer cells.

Tests for tumor markers

If a routine clinical analysis showed deviations from the norm and doctors suspect oncology, the patient is asked to be tested by submitting biological material for tumor markers.

Such research enables doctors to:

• see the difference between benign growth and cancer;
• confirm or exclude the presence of oncology, which has been shown by other methods;
• see the tumor's response to appropriate therapy.

Thanks to tumor markers, it is possible to identify the disease in time and prevent its development.

Table "Tumor localization by tumor markers"

Tumor markers	Serum pathological indications	Decryption
(cancer embryonic antigen)	Above 8 ng / ml	Appears in the body with bowel cancer, as well as with a malignant tumor in the bladder, pancreas or cervix
AFP (alpha-fetoprotein)	More than 15 IU / ml	Liver cancer
		Germ cell tumors in children
PSA (prostate specific antigen)	Above 10 ng / ml	Prostate cancer
Beta-hCG (Beta Chorionic Gonadotropin)	Above 2.5 mIU / ml	Testicular cancer in men
	More than 40 IU / ml	Ovarian cancer
CA 19-9		Larynx cancer
		The presence of a tumor in the gastrointestinal tract
CA 15-3		Mammary cancer
SCC (squamous cell carcinoma antigens)	Above 2 ng / ml	Throat cancer
		Cancer of the tongue
		Esophageal carcinoma
		Cervical cancer
		Head and neck cancer
CA 242	Above 30 IU / ml	Early stages of cancer of the pancreas, rectum and colon
S 10, TA 90	Above 5 ng / ml	Skin cancer
CYFRA 2101	Above 2.3 ng / ml	Lungs' cancer

An increase in tumor markers does not always indicate malignant neoplasms. A small number of pathogenic cells may be present in normal test results. To exclude or confirm a dangerous diagnosis, doctors conduct additional diagnostic studies (MRI, ultrasound, CT, gastroscopy, and others).

A general blood test helps to suspect the presence of a malignant formation in the body. For a more detailed study and a specific diagnosis, biochemical research and tests for tumor markers are used. Any deviations in well-being should not be ignored. The earlier the pathology is detected, the easier it is to eliminate it.

Every time we go to the clinic for health problems, the doctor will write a referral for tests. These are the first indicators that can signal a malfunction in the body. Among the first, a biochemical blood test will be prescribed.

What the analysis can show

Blood is the internal environment of the body, it has constant indicators. This liquid is present in absolutely every corner of the body, in all organs and tissues, therefore, in its composition, you can find a lot of different substances that enter the body and are formed as a result of its vital activity.

Biochemical analysis allows you to accurately determine the presence of all these substances. If we compare the indicators normal and those established by laboratory means, it is possible to establish what violations in the functioning of internal organs are present.

Blood biochemistry is sometimes the only way to objectively confirm or deny a diagnosis.

This is most commonly done in the following areas:

• endocrinology;
• gynecology;
• pediatrics;
• sports medicine.

But in other areas, blood biochemistry is sometimes indispensable.

Indications for biochemistry

Such an analysis can be prescribed not only to those who are undergoing a course of inpatient treatment, but also to the patient of the district doctor. Such a study can be carried out for the purpose of making a diagnosis or to monitor indicators during therapy.

Biochemical analysis includes many indicators, but in each specific case, a list can be assigned, which must be determined. For example, if you have diabetes mellitus, then, first of all, sugar indicators are taken into account.

As a rule, biochemistry indicators are determined in the following situations:

• kidney problems;
• endocrine system diseases;
• cardiovascular diseases;
• diseases of the hematopoietic system;
• problems in the digestive tract;
• diseases of the hepatobiliary system.

This is not a complete list of diseases for which biochemistry analysis is shown. Almost any problems with internal organs give changes in the data of a biochemical blood test.

How to donate blood correctly for research

Blood for biochemical analysis is taken from a vein located in the area of ​​the elbow bend. The puncture site must be treated with an antiseptic, and the laboratory assistant collects the blood in a test tube intended for this purpose.

In order for the analysis indicators to be as reliable as possible, it is necessary to adhere to some recommendations:

• before taking the test, you can not eat, drink, and even better if the last meal is at least 7-8 hours before delivery;
• alcohol intake on the eve of blood donation is not allowed;
• before going to the laboratory, do not overload the body with physical exertion and emotionally;
• you need to donate blood before taking medications and undergoing various procedures.

Analysis indicators are normal

To decipher the analysis for biochemistry, it is necessary to have an idea of ​​what the parameters under investigation should be normal. The table shows the main criteria and their normative values.

Indicators	Norm
Sugar	3.3-5.6 mmol / L
Bilirubin	3.4-17.1 μmol / l
Aspartate aminotrasferase (AST) U / L
In men In women	Up to 37 Up to 30
Alanine aminotrasferase (ALT) U / L
Male Female	Up to 40-45 Up to 30-34
(Gamma-GT) U / l
- Men - Women	Not more than 55 Not more than 38
Cholesterol	3.2-5.6 mmol / L
Triglycerides	0.41-1.8 mmol / l
Total protein	60-83 g / l
Albumen	32-52 g / l
Ions: (K +)	3.5-5.5 mmol / l
(Na +)	136-145 mmol / l
(Cl-)	98-107 mmol / l
Creatinine (μmol / L)
Men Women	62 to 11553-96
Uric acid (μmol / l)
In men In women	From 210 to 420 From 150 to 350
C-reactive protein	0-5 mg / l
Serum iron (μmol / L)
In the blood of men Women	11.64 to 30.43 Within 8.95 to 30.43

What the analysis results mean

It is not enough to get your hands on the results of a blood test, you still need to decipher them, that is, compare the normal values ​​and those obtained. In any analysis form, there are reference values, but it is quite difficult for a person who does not understand this to understand all these numbers.

Sometimes deviations in just a few indicators are already clearly indicative of a particular disease, but more often it will be necessary to compare many analysis data.

Let's find out what is the reason for the deviation from the standard indicators.

Total protein

The blood plasma contains proteins. Their amount just shows the value of the total protein. It is determined if there is a suspicion of diseases of internal organs. If the obtained values ​​exceed the norm, then this may signal the following problems:

• dehydration as a result of prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, burns;
• infectious diseases;
• cancerous tumors.

If the blood test shows a low level of protein, then this is usually due to:

• with prolonged fasting;
• with liver problems;
• with bleeding;
• with the presence of thyrotoxicosis.

To establish an accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to undergo additional studies.

The amount of bilirubin

This substance is a pigment, it is formed after the destruction of red blood cells. The normal exchange of bilirubin is maintained by the liver, therefore, in diseases of this organ, this indicator is determined first. If there is more free bilirubin than normal, then this may indicate the presence of:

• viral hepatitis;
• bacterial infection in the liver;
• dysfunction of the liver as a result of taking medications;
• neoplasms in the liver;
• hemolytic anemia.

If the level of bound bilirubin increases, then there is cholelithiasis, pancreatic tumors, and inflammatory processes in the biliary tract.

Enzymes

The blood plasma necessarily contains various enzymes, and the determination of their activity occurs during biochemical analysis. What enzymes enter the plasma is another question, but if their activity increases sharply, then this indicates cell damage.

For example, if the level of aminotransferases increases: ALat, ALaT, then this may indicate the following:

1. Acute form of hepatitis.
2. About liver cell necrosis.
3. About myocardial infarction.
4. On the presence of injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system.
5. About severe oxygen deficiency of cells and tissues.

In some diseases, the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) rises, this includes the following diseases:

1. Myocarditis.
2. Kidney infarction.
3. Extensive hemolysis.
4. Pulmonary embolism.

If keratinophosphokinase rises, then this indicates the presence of:

• skeletal muscle necrosis;
• epilepsy;
• muscular dystrophy.

Uric acid

This substance is formed in the body as a product of the final breakdown of protein molecules. Most of the uric acid is excreted through the kidneys, a very small part in the feces. If the normal levels of urea are elevated in the blood, then we can talk about the presence of:

• kidney failure;
• leukemia;
• prolonged refusal to eat;
• addiction to alcohol;
• excessive intake of diuretics.

Glucose level

This indicator is always checked first of all in patients with diabetes mellitus. A deviation from the norm in a healthy person may indicate:

• about the development of diabetes mellitus;
• about problems in the work of the endocrine system;
• the presence of acute or chronic pancreatitis;
• about the transferred stress, nervous overstrain.

The glucose rate can also be significantly lowered, this is usually a sign of:

• malfunctions in the pancreas;
• liver disease;
• stomach cancer;
• poisoning with alcohol, arsenic;

Biochemical analysis only states the facts, and the doctor's task is to clarify the diagnosis and find out the cause of the deviation from the norm.

Fat metabolism

The fats that enter the body are simply irreplaceable in life, moreover, they are a source of energy.

All lipids in the body are divided into several groups, but cholesterol is the most important for analysis. Its amount can be either below the norm or exceed it. If a biochemical analysis confirms an elevated cholesterol level, then this may be a symptom of the following diseases:

1. Diabetes.
2. Myxedema.
3. Pregnancy.
4. Gallbladder problems.
5. Pancreatitis
6. Malignant formations in the prostate gland.
7. High blood pressure.
8. Myocardial infarction.
9. Heart disease.

Many are afraid of high cholesterol, but it turns out that if its values ​​are less than normal, then this is also bad for the body, this usually says that there are:

1. Cancer tumors.
2. Cirrhosis of the liver.
3. Arthritis.
4. Prolonged fasting.
5. The process of absorption of nutrients is disrupted.
6. Diseases of the lungs.

You should not try to diagnose yourself and, moreover, prescribe treatment. This should only be done by a specialist.

Biochemical blood test data in children

A child's blood test includes the determination of the same indicators as in adults. It's just that their value can differ significantly from that of women and men. This is due to the characteristics of the child's body. Let's focus only on the most important indicators:

1. Total protein. Normally, from 50 to 85 g / l, depending on age. Too low indicators can indicate exhaustion, problems with the gastrointestinal tract, cancer. Exceeding the norm usually occurs with infectious diseases.
2. The amount of glucose ranges from 3.3 to 6.6 mmol / L. If the rate is increased - a suspicion of diabetes mellitus, with a decrease - depletion or overdose of insulin.
3. Bilirubin plays a role in the diagnosis of liver disease. The norm is 3.5-21 μmol / l, if the indicators are increased, then the process of formation and excretion of bile is disrupted.
4. Urea. Its indicators clearly indicate the quality of the kidneys. This indicator can range from 2.4 to 7.4 mmol / L.

Now many parents are quite literate, they have an idea of ​​the indicators that are studied in the analysis. But do not panic if abnormalities are found. If there are no symptoms of the disease and other studies do not confirm it, then the analysis data are just numbers in the form. Moreover, it must be borne in mind that many factors can affect the results, the attending physician will tell you in detail about them.

Health to you and your children!

The site provides background information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases must be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. A specialist consultation is required!

The simplest and most frequent method of laboratory diagnostics, which makes it possible to determine what has already arisen, or is still only at the stage of the onset of a disturbance in the healthy state of the body, is a general, or clinical blood test.

When decoding this analysis, attention is paid to the formed elements of the blood. These include: hemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, eosinophils, neutrophils.

Why are there deviations from the norm in the general blood test?

All these elements are contained in human blood in a healthy state in a certain proportion. There are differences in the quantitative composition of men, women and children. It is a very thin and flexible system, and therefore there can often be deviations from the so-called norm for various reasons. These may include physical activity, being in extreme natural and climatic conditions, for example, high in the mountains, or blood clots in the desert. Therefore, when conducting an analysis, these reasons should be taken into account. If a deviation from the norm is observed under standard conditions, then this may mean that the person is sick or the process of the disease begins.

For an ordinary person who has nothing to do with medicine, the records of a decoded blood test will not be able to tell about anything. But anyone with a medical degree can help you with this. These doctor's notes provide a wealth of information about your physical condition.

Below you will find some information about clinical analysis data. If at the right time a medical worker is not nearby, you can approximately know the state of your body.

Data on various deviations from the norm in the general blood test

Below, so that you can approximately determine your physical condition, there are data on various deviations from the norm in a clinical blood test.

1. If the decoding shows a decrease in the level of hemoglobin, then this indicates a possible anemia, bleeding or malignant diseases of various organs, as well as bone marrow. But in order to get reliable data, you should conduct additional surveys.

2. If there is a decrease in erythrocytes, this may also indicate anemia, blood loss or a possible chronic inflammatory process.

3. With an increase in the number of erythrocytes in humans, dehydration is observed for various reasons. There is a decrease in the amount of plasma - the liquid part of human blood. Also, with an incorrect structure of hemoglobin and with malignant oncological diseases of the hematopoietic system.

4. If a lack of platelets is found, this indicates a blood clotting disorder, which means bleeding or a blood disease - hemophilia. It may also indicate that you have an infection or cancer. When taking antibiotics and antiallergic drugs, a lack of platelets is also observed.

5. If the number of platelets is higher than normal, this indicates that the body has a prolonged inflammatory process or possibly a malignant disease.

6. With a reduced number of leukocytes in the body, a viral infection is present. The presence of radiation sickness is also possible, under conditions of increased radiation.

7. If the number of leukocytes is increased, this indicates inflammation, bacterial infections, allergies, diseases of the blood, liver. This is observed with prolonged use of medications. In a normal state with physical activity, after eating and with various pains. For this reason, the analysis should be carried out in the morning, on an empty stomach.

8. An increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate means inflammation in the body. Indicates the presence of acute and chronic infections, as well as bleeding and various allergies.

9. Reduced speed occurs with dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, viral hepatitis.

In any case, the medical board of the site draws your attention to the fact that if you are not a doctor, you cannot diagnose yourself based on the results of the analysis. You should definitely contact your healthcare professional for help.

Instructions

A general clinical blood test is the determination of hemoglobin concentration, color index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), counting the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes and leukocyte formula.

Hemoglobin is a protein made up of heme and globin protein. Hemoglobin functions: transfer of oxygen from the lungs to tissues, removal of carbon dioxide from the body. The concentration of hemoglobin in the blood depends on age and gender. For middle-aged women, this value is 120-140 g / l, for middle-aged women - 140-160 g / l.

An increased concentration of hemoglobin may indicate dehydration, excessive physical activity or excitement, or smoking. A decreased concentration of hemoglobin may indicate anemia of various etiologies: with blood loss, with impaired blood formation, with increased blood destruction.

Erythrocyte is a non-nuclear blood element containing hemoglobin. The function of the erythrocyte is to carry hemoglobin. The number of red blood cells in the blood depends on age and gender. For middle-aged women this value is 3.5 - 5.0 * 1012 / l, for middle-aged women –4.0 - 5.5 * 1012 / l.

An increased content of red blood cells in the blood may indicate increased physical activity, obesity, emotional stress, alcoholism, smoking, lung diseases, heart defects. A reduced content of red blood cells in the blood indicates the presence of anemia. With iron deficiency anemia against the background of chronic losses, there is a normal content of erythrocytes or a slight decrease. In acute blood loss, B12-deficiency anemia, the number of red blood cells is greatly reduced.

The color indicator is the relative content of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte. Color index norm: 0.85-1.05. If the color index is less than 0.8, the presence of iron deficiency anemia is suggested. A color index of more than 1.1 may indicate the presence of megaloblastic anemia, anemia with cirrhosis of the liver, taking contraceptives, anticonvulsants.

The main function of leukocytes is to protect the body from foreign agents, due to their participation in immunity and the presence of phagocytic activity. The number of leukocytes in the blood depends on age. For a middle-aged person, this figure is 4.0 - 8.8 * 109 / l.

An increase in the number of blood leukocytes may indicate a bacterial, viral, fungal infection, an inflammatory state of the body, malignant formations, leukemia. A decrease in the number of leukocytes may indicate damage to the bone marrow by chemicals, drugs, acute leukemia, sepsis, and the result.

The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) depends on age and gender. For middle-aged women, the ESR should be less than 12 mm / h, for middle-aged men, the ESR should be less than 8 mm / h. An increase in ESR is a sign of the presence of infectious or inflammatory processes in the body. In the acute period of the disease, the ESR increases, during the recovery period it slows down.

The normal indicator of basophils in the blood of a middle-aged person is 0-0.5%. Its increase may indicate an allergic reaction to food, medications, chronic ulcerative colitis, estrogen treatment.