What is Gcal? Gcal is a gigacalorie, that is, a measuring unit in which heat energy is calculated. You can calculate Gcal yourself, but having previously studied some information about thermal energy. Consider in the article general information about the calculations, as well as the formula for calculating Gcal.

What is Gcal?

A calorie is a certain amount of energy that is needed to heat 1 gram of water to 1 degree. This condition is met under atmospheric pressure conditions. For the calculation of thermal energy, a large value is used - Gcal. A gigacalorie equals 1 billion calories. This value has been used since 1995 in accordance with the document of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy.

In Russia, the average consumption per 1 sq. M. is 0.9342 Gcal per month. In each region, this value can change up or down depending on weather conditions.

What is a gigacalorie when converted to normal values?

1. 1 Gigacalorie equals 1162.2 kilowatt-hours.
2. In order to heat 1 thousand tons of water to a temperature of +1 degrees, 1 gigacalorie is required.

Gcal in apartment buildings

In apartment buildings, gigacalories are used in thermal calculations. If you know the exact amount of heat that remains in the house, then you can calculate the bill for paying for heating. For example, if a house-wide or individual heating device is not installed in the house, then you will have to pay for centralized heating based on the area of ​​the heated room. In the event that a heat meter is installed, then the wiring is of a horizontal type, or sequential, or collector. In this version, two risers are made in the apartment for the supply and return pipes, and the system inside the apartment is determined by the residents. Such schemes are used in new homes. That is why residents can independently regulate the consumption of thermal energy, making a choice between comfort and economy.

The adjustment is made as follows:

1. Due to throttling of the heating batteries, the passage of the heating device is limited, therefore, the temperature in it decreases, and the consumption of thermal energy decreases.
2. Installation of a common thermostat on the return pipe. In this embodiment, the flow rate of the working fluid is determined by the temperature in the apartment and if it increases, then the flow rate decreases, and if it decreases, then the flow rate increases.

Gcal in private houses

If we talk about Gcal in a private house, then tenants are primarily interested in the cost of heat energy for each type of fuel. Therefore, we will consider some prices for 1 Gcal for various types of fuel:

• - 3300 rubles;
• Liquefied gas - 520 rubles;
• Coal - 550 rubles;
• Pellets - 1800 rubles;
• Diesel fuel - 3270 rubles;
• Electricity - 4300 rubles.

The price may vary depending on the region, and it should be borne in mind that the cost of fuel periodically increases.

General information about Gcal calculations

To calculate Gcal, it is necessary to make special calculations, the order of which is established by special regulations. The calculation is carried out by utilities, which can explain to you the procedure for calculating Gcal, as well as decipher any incomprehensible moments.

If you have an individual device installed, you will be able to avoid any problems and overpayments. It is enough for you to take monthly indicators from the meter and multiply the resulting number by the tariff. The amount received must be paid for the use of heating.

Heat meters

1. Liquid temperature at the inlet and outlet of a certain section of the line.
2. The flow rate of the liquid that moves through the heating devices.

The flow rate can be determined using heat meters. Heat metering devices can be of two types:

1. Vane counters. Such devices are used to meter heat energy, as well as hot water consumption. The difference between such meters and cold water meters is the material from which the impeller is made. In such devices, it is most resistant to high temperatures. The principle of operation is similar for the two devices:

• The rotation of the impeller is transmitted to the accounting device;
• The impeller starts rotating due to the movement of the working fluid;
• The transmission is carried out without direct interaction, but with the help of a permanent magnet.

Such devices have a simple design, but their response threshold is low. And they also have reliable protection against distortion of readings. The anti-magnetic shield prevents the impeller from being braked by the external magnetic field.

1. Devices with a differential recorder. Such counters work according to Bernoulli's law, which states that the rate of movement of a liquid or gas flow is inversely proportional to its static movement. If the pressure is recorded by two sensors, it is easy to determine the flow in real time. The counter implies electronics in the construction device. Almost all models provide information on the flow rate and temperature of the working fluid, as well as determine the consumption of thermal energy. You can configure the work manually using a PC. You can connect the device to a PC via the port.

Many residents are wondering how to calculate the amount of Gcal for heating in an open heating system, in which hot water can be taken off. Pressure sensors are installed on the return pipe and the supply pipe at the same time. The difference, which will be in the flow rate of the working fluid, will show the amount of warm water that was spent for domestic needs.

Formula for calculating Gcal for heating

If you do not have an individual device, then you need to use the following formula for calculating heat for heating: Q = V * (T1 - T2) / 1000, where:

1. Q is the total amount of heat energy.
2. V is the volume of hot water consumption. Measured in tons or cubic meters.
3. T1 is the hot water temperature, measured in degrees Celsius. In such a calculation, it is better to take into account the temperature that will be characteristic of the specific operating pressure. This indicator is called enthalpy. If the required sensor is not available, then take the temperature that will be similar to the enthalpy. Typically, the average of this temperature is in the range of 60-65 degrees Celsius.
4. T2 is the cold water temperature, measured in degrees Celsius. As you know, getting to a cold water pipeline is not easy, therefore such values ​​are determined by constant values. They, in turn, depend on the climatic conditions outside the home. For example, in the cold season, this value can be 5 degrees, and in the warm season, when there is no heating, it can reach 15 degrees.
5. 1000 is the factor that gives you the answer in giga calories. This value will be more accurate than normal calories.

In a closed heating system, the calculation of gigacalories takes place in a different form. In order to calculate Gcal in a closed heating system, you must use the following formula: Q = ((V1 * (T1 - T)) - (V2 * (T2 - T))) / 1000, where:

1. Q is the previous volume of heat energy;
2. V1 is the parameter for the flow rate of the heat carrier in the supply pipe. The heat source can be steam or ordinary water.
3. V2 is the volume of water flow in the outlet pipe;
4. T1 is the temperature in the heat carrier supply pipe;
5. T2 is the temperature at the pipe outlet;
6. T is the cold water temperature.

The calculation of heat energy for heating according to this formula depends on two parameters: the first shows the heat that enters the system, and the second shows the heat parameter when the heat carrier is removed through the return pipe.

Other methods of calculating Gcal for heating

1. Q = ((V1 * (T1 - T2)) + (V1 - V2) * (T2 - T)) / 1000.
2. Q = ((V2 * (T1 - T2)) + (V1 - V2) * (T1 - T)) / 1000.

All values ​​in these formulas are the same as in the previous formula. Based on the above calculations, we can conclude that you can calculate Gcal for heating yourself. But you should seek advice from special companies that are responsible for supplying heat to the house, since their work and calculation system may differ from these formulas and consist of a different set of measures.

If you decide to make a "Warm floor" system in your private house, then the principle of calculating heating will be completely different. The calculation will be much more difficult, since not only the features of the heating circuit should be taken into account, but also the values ​​of the electrical network from which the floor is heated. The companies that are responsible for overseeing the underfloor heating installation will be different.

Many residents have difficulty converting kilocalories to kilowatts. This is due to many manuals of measuring units in the international system, which is called "C". When converting kilocalories to kilowatts, a coefficient of 850 should be used. That is, 1 kW equals 850 kcal. Such a calculation is much simpler than others, since it is not difficult to find out the required amount of gigacalories. 1 gigacalorie = 1 million calories.

During the calculation, it should be remembered that any modern devices have a small error. They are generally acceptable. But you need to calculate the error yourself. For example, this can be done using the following formula: R = (V1 - V2) / (V1 + V2) * 100, where:

1. R is the error of a common house heating appliance.
2. V1 and V2 are the parameters of the water flow in the system already indicated earlier.
3. 100 is a coefficient that is responsible for converting the resulting value into percent.
   In accordance with operational standards, the maximum error, which can be 2%. Basically, this figure does not exceed 1%.

Results of calculations of Gcal for heating

If you correctly calculated the consumption of Gcal of thermal energy, then you do not have to worry about overpayments for utilities. If we use the above formulas, then we can conclude that when heating a residential building with an area of ​​up to 200 sq. M. it will take about 3 Gcal for 1 month. Considering that the heating season in many regions of the country lasts about 6 months, then the approximate consumption of heat energy can be calculated. To do this, we multiply 3 Gcal by 6 months and get 18 Gcal.

Based on the information indicated above, we can conclude that all calculations for the consumption of thermal energy in a particular house can be done independently without the help of special organizations. But it is worth remembering that all data must be calculated exactly according to special mathematical formulas. In addition, all procedures must be coordinated with special bodies that control such actions. If you are not sure that you can do the calculation yourself, then you can use the services of professional specialists who are engaged in such work and have available materials that describe in detail the entire process and photos of samples of the heating system, as well as their connection diagrams.

Most of all, in the frosty winter months, all people are waiting for the New Year, and least of all - receipts for heating. They are especially disliked by the residents of apartment buildings, who themselves do not have the ability to control the amount of incoming heat, and often the bills for it turn out to be simply fantastic. In most cases, in such documents, the unit of measurement is Gcal, which stands for "gigacalorie". Let's find out what it is, how to calculate gigacalories and convert to other units.

What is called a calorie

Supporters of a healthy diet or those who strenuously monitor their weight are familiar with the concept of calorie. This word means the amount of energy received as a result of the processing of food eaten by the body, which must be used, otherwise a person will begin to recover.

Paradoxically, the same value is used to measure the amount of thermal energy used to heat rooms.

As an abbreviation, this value is referred to as "feces", or in English cal.

In the metric system, the joule is considered the equivalent of a calorie. So, 1 cal = 4.2 J.

The importance of calories for human life

Besides developing various weight loss diets, this unit is used to measure energy, work and warmth. In this regard, such a concept as "calorie content" is widespread - that is, the heat of the combustible fuel.

In most developed countries, when calculating heating, people no longer pay for the amount of consumed cubic meters of gas (if it is gas), but for its calorie content. In other words, the consumer pays for the quality of the fuel used: the higher it is, the less gas will have to be consumed for heating. This practice reduces the possibility of diluting the substance used with other, cheaper and less caloric compounds.

What is a gigacalorie and how many calories are in it?

As it is clear from the definition, the size of 1 calorie is small. For this reason, it is not used for calculating large quantities, especially in power engineering. Instead, a concept such as a gigacalorie is used. This value is equal to 10 9 calories, and it is written in the form of abbreviation "Gcal". It turns out that there are one billion calories in one gigacalorie.

In addition to this value, a slightly smaller one is sometimes used - Kcal (kilocalorie). It holds 1000 calories. Thus, we can assume that one gigacalorie is a million kilocalories.

It should be borne in mind that sometimes a kilocalorie is recorded simply as "feces". Because of this, confusion arises, and in some sources it is indicated that 1 Gcal - 1,000,000 cal, although in reality it is about 1,000,000 Kcal.

Hecacalorie and gigacalorie

In the energy industry, in most cases, it is used as a unit of measurement, Gcal, but it is often confused with such a concept as "hecacalorie" (aka hectocalorie).

In this regard, some people decipher the abbreviation "Gcal" as "hecacalorie" or "hectocalorie". However, this is wrong. In fact, the above-mentioned units of measurement do not exist, and their use in speech is the result of illiteracy, and nothing more.

Gigacalorie and gigacalorie / hour: what's the difference

In addition to the fictitious value under consideration, such an abbreviation as "Gcal / hour" is sometimes found in receipts. What does it mean and how does it differ from the usual gigacalorie?

This unit of measure shows how much energy was used in one hour.

While just a gigacalorie is a measure of the consumed heat for an indefinite period of time. It depends only on the consumer what time frames will be indicated in this category.

Reduction of Gcal / m3 is much less common. It means how many gigacalories you need to use to heat one cubic meter of a substance.

Gigacalorie formula

Having considered the definition of the studied value, it is worth finally learning how to calculate how many gigacalories are used to heat a room during the heating season.

For especially lazy people on the Internet, there are a lot of online resources where specially programmed calculators are presented. It is enough to enter your numerical data into them - and they themselves will calculate the amount of consumed gigacalories.

However, it would be nice to be able to do it yourself. There are several formula options for this. The simplest and most understandable among them is the following:

Heat energy (Gcal / hour) = (М 1 х (Т 1 -Т хв)) - (М 2 х (Т 2 -Т хв)) / 1000, where:

• M 1 is the mass of the heat transfer substance that is supplied through the pipeline. Measured in tons.
• M 2 is the mass of the heat transfer substance returning through the pipeline.
• T 1 is the temperature of the coolant in the supply pipeline, measured in Celsius.
• T 2 is the temperature of the coolant returning back.
• Т хв - temperature of the cold source (water). Usually equal to five because this is the minimum water temperature in the pipeline.

Why do housing and communal services overestimate the amount of energy spent when calculating for heating?

Carrying out your own calculations, you should pay attention to the fact that housing and communal services slightly overestimate the standards for thermal energy consumption. The opinion that they are trying to earn extra money on this is wrong. After all, the cost of 1 Gcal already includes services, salaries, taxes, and additional profit. Such a "surcharge" is due to the fact that when hot liquid is transported through a pipeline in the cold season, it tends to cool down, that is, inevitable heat loss occurs.

In numbers, it looks like this. According to the regulations, the temperature of the water in the pipes for heating must be at least +55 ° C. And if we consider that the minimum t of water in power systems is +5 ° C, then it must be heated by 50 degrees. It turns out that 0.05 Gcal is used for each cubic meter. However, to compensate for heat loss, this coefficient is overestimated to 0.059 Gcal.

Conversion of Gcal to kW / hour

Thermal energy can be measured in various units, but in the official documentation from housing and communal services it is calculated in Gcal. Therefore, it is worth knowing how to convert other units to gigacalories.

The easiest way to do this is when the ratio of these quantities is known. For example, consider the watts (W), which measures the power output of most boilers or heaters.

Before considering the conversion of Gcal to this value, it is worth remembering that, like a calorie, a watt is small. Therefore, more often use kW (1 kilowatt, equal to 1000 watts) or mW (1 megawatt equals 1000,000 watts).

In addition, it is important to remember that power is measured in W (kW, mW), but they are used to calculate the amount of consumed / produced electricity.In this regard, it is not the conversion of gigacalories to kilowatts that is considered, but the conversion of Gcal to kW / h.

How can this be done? In order not to bother with the formulas, it is worth remembering the "magic" number 1163. That is how many kilowatts of energy you need to spend in an hour to get one gigacalorie. In practice, when converting from one unit of measurement to another, it is simply necessary to multiply the amount of Gcal by 1163.

For example, let's convert 0.05 Gcal, required to heat one cubic meter of water by 50 ° C, in kW / hour. It turns out: 0.05 x 1163 = 58.15 kW / hour. These calculations will especially help those who are thinking about switching from gas heating to a more environmentally friendly and economical electric one.

If we are talking about huge volumes, it is possible to translate not into kilowatts, but into megawatts. In this case, you need to multiply not by 1163, but by 1.163, since 1 mW = 1000 kW. Or simply divide the result in kilowatts by a thousand.

Transfer to Gcal

Sometimes it is necessary to carry out the reverse process, that is, to calculate how many Gcal is contained in one kW / hour.

When converting to gigacalories, the number of kilowatt-hours must be multiplied by another "magic" number - 0.00086.

The correctness of this can be verified by taking the data from the previous example.

So, it was calculated that 0.05 Gcal = 58.15 kW / h. Now it's worth taking this result and multiplying it by 0.00086: 58.15 x 0.00086 = 0.050009. Despite the slight difference, it almost completely coincides with the original data.

As in previous calculations, it is necessary to take into account the fact that when working with especially large volumes of substances, it will be necessary to convert not kilowatts, but megawatts to gigacalories.

How is this done? In this case, again, you need to take into account that 1 mW = 1000 kW. Based on this, in the "magic" number, the comma moves by three zeros, and voila, 0.86 is obtained. It is on him that you need to multiply in order to make a transfer.

By the way, there is a slight discrepancy in the answers due to the fact that the coefficient 0.86 is a rounded version of the number 0.859845. Of course, you should use it for more accurate calculations. However, if we are talking only about the amount of energy used to heat an apartment or house, it is better to simplify.

Today, the main document that defines the requirements for accounting for thermal energy is the "Rules for accounting for thermal energy and heat carrier".

The Rules provide detailed formulas. I'll simplify a little here for better understanding.

I will only describe water systems, as there are most of them, and will not cover steam systems. If you understand the essence of water systems as an example, you can count the steam yourself without any problems.

To calculate heat energy, you need to determine the goals. We will count the calories in the coolant for heating purposes or for hot water supply purposes.

Calculation of Gcal in the DHW system

If you have a mechanical hot water meter (spinner) or are going to install one, then everything is simple here. How much I clocked, so much will have to be paid, according to the approved tariff for hot water. The tariff, in this case, will already take into account the amount of Gcal in it.

If you have installed a metering unit for heat energy in hot water, or you are just going to install it, then you will have to pay separately for heat energy (Gcal) and separately for network water. Also at the approved tariffs (RUB / Gcal + RUB / ton)

To calculate the number of calories received with hot water (as well as steam or condensate), the minimum that we need to know is the consumption of hot water (steam, condensate) and its temperature.

The flow rate is measured by flow meters, temperature - by thermocouples, temperature sensors, and Gcal is calculated by a heat meter (or heat recorder).

Qgv = Ggv * (tgv - txv) / 1000 = ... Gcal

Qgv - the amount of heat energy, in this formula in Gcal. *

Gгв - consumption of hot water (or steam, or condensate) in cubic meters. or in tons

thw - temperature (enthalpy) of hot water in ° С **

tхв - temperature (enthalpy) of cold water in ° С ***

* divide by 1000 in order to get not calories, but gigacalories

** it is more correct to multiply not by the temperature difference (t gv-t xv), but by the difference enthalpy(h gv-h xv). The values ​​of hgw, hkhv are determined from the corresponding temperatures and pressures averaged over the period under consideration measured at the metering unit. The enthalpies are close to the temperatures. At the heat metering unit, the heat calculator calculates both the enthalpy and Gcal by itself.

*** cold water temperature, it is also the make-up temperature, is measured on the cold water pipeline at the heat source. The consumer generally does not have the option to use this parameter. Therefore, a constant calculated approved value is taken: during the heating period tхv = + 5 ° С (or + 8 ° С), in non-heating tхv = + 15 ° С

If you have a turntable and it is not possible to measure the temperature of hot water, then for the allocation of Gcal, as a rule, the heat supply organization sets a constant calculated value in accordance with the regulatory documents and the technical capability of the heat source (boiler room, or heat point, for example). Each organization has its own, we have 64.1 ° C.

Then the calculation will be as follows:

Qgv = Ggv * 64.1 / 1000 = ... Gcal

Remember that you will have to pay not only for Gcal, but also for network water. According to the formula and we calculate only Gcal.

Calculation of Gcal in hot water heating systems.

Consider the differences in calculating the amount of heat with an open and a closed heating system.

Closed heating system- this is when it is forbidden to take the coolant from the system, neither for the purpose of hot water supply, nor for washing a personal car. In practice, you know how. Hot water for DHW purposes in this case enters through a separate third pipe or there is none at all, if DHW is not provided.

Open heating system- this is when it is allowed to take the coolant from the system for hot water supply purposes.

With an open system, the heating medium can only be taken out of the system within the framework of the contractual relationship!

If during hot water supply we take all the coolant, i.e. all network water and all Gcal in it, then during heating we return some part of the coolant and, accordingly, some part of Gcal back into the system. Accordingly, you need to calculate how much Gcal came in and how much it left.

The following formula is suitable for both an open heating system and a closed one.

Q = [(G1 * (t1 - tхв)) - (G2 * (t2 - tхв))] / 1000 = ... Gcal

There are also a couple of formulas that are used in accounting for thermal energy, but I am taking the superior one, because I think that it is easier to understand how heat meters work on it, and which give the same result in calculations as the formula.

Q = [(G1 * (t1 - t2)) + (G1 - G2) * (t2-tхв)] / 1000 = ... Gcal

Q = [(G2 * (t1 - t2)) + (G1 - G2) * (t1-tхв)] / 1000 = ... Gcal

Q is the amount of consumed thermal energy, Gcal.

t1 - temperature (enthalpy) of the coolant in the supply pipeline, ° С

tхв - temperature (enthalpy) of cold water, ° С

G2 - coolant flow rate in the return pipeline, t (cubic meters)

t2 - temperature (enthalpy) of the coolant in the return pipeline, ° С

The first part of the formula (G1 * (t1 - tхв)) counts how much Gcal came, the second part of the formula (G2 * (t2 - tхв)) counts how many Gcal came out.

According to the formula [3] the heat meter will count all Gcal in one digit: for heating, for hot water intake with an open system, instrument error, emergency leaks.

If at open system heat supply, it is necessary to allocate the amount of Gcal used for hot water supply, then additional calculations may be needed. It all depends on how the accounting is organized. Are there devices on the DHW pipe connected to the heat meter, or is there a spinner.

If there are devices, then the heat meter must calculate everything itself and issue a report, provided that everything is configured correctly. If there is a spinner, then you can calculate the amount of Gcal used for hot water supply using the formula. ... Do not forget to subtract the Gcal used for hot water supply from the total amount of Gcal on the meter.

A closed system means that no heating medium is taken from the system. Sometimes designers and installers of metering units hammer into the project and program the heat meter for a different formula:

Q = G1 * (t1 - t2) / 1000 = ... Gcal

Qi is the amount of consumed heat energy, Gcal.

G1 is the flow rate of the coolant in the supply pipeline, t (cubic meter)

t1 - temperature of the coolant in the supply pipeline, ° С

t2 - temperature of the coolant in the return pipeline, ° С

If a leak occurs (accidental or deliberate), then according to the formula, the heat meter will not record the amount of lost Gcal. Such a formula does not suit heat supply companies, at least ours.

Nevertheless, there are metering units that work according to this calculation formula. I myself have issued instructions to the Consumers several times to reprogram the heat meter. Given that when the Consumer brings a report to the heat supply company, it is NOT visible by what formula the calculation is being made, it is possible to calculate, of course, but it is extremely difficult to calculate manually all Consumers.

By the way, of those heat meters for apartment heat metering that I have seen, none provides for the measurement of the flow rate of the coolant in the direct and return pipelines at the same time. Accordingly, it is impossible to calculate the amount of Gcal lost, for example, in an accident, as well as the amount of lost coolant.

Conditional example:

Initial data:

Closed heating system. Winter.
heat energy - 885.52 rubles. / Gcal
network water - 12.39 rubles. / cubic meter

the heat meter issued the following report per day:

Let's say that the next day there was a leak, an accident, for example, 32 cbm leaked.

the heat meter issued the following daily report:

Inaccuracy of calculations.

With a closed heating system and in the absence of leaks, as a rule, the flow rate in the supply pipe is greater than the flow rate in the return. That is, the devices show that one amount of coolant enters, and a little less comes out. This is considered the norm. In the heat consumption system, there may be standard losses, a small percentage, small leaks, leaks, etc.

In addition, metering devices are imperfect, each device has a permissible error established by the manufacturer. Therefore, it happens that with a closed system one amount of coolant enters, and more comes out. It is also okay if the difference is within the margin of error.

(see Rules for metering heat energy and coolant, clause 5.2. Requirements for metrological characteristics of metering devices)

Accuracy (%) = (G1-G2) / (G1 + G2) * 100

For example, if the error of one flow meter set by the manufacturer is ± 1%, then the total permissible error is ± 2%.

When planning a major overhaul in your house or apartment, as well as when planning the construction of a new house, it is necessary to calculate the power of heating radiators. This will allow you to determine the number of radiators that can provide heat to your home in the most severe frosts. To carry out calculations, it is necessary to find out the necessary parameters, such as the size of the premises and the power of the radiator, declared by the manufacturer in the attached technical documentation. The shape of the radiator, the material from which it is made, and the level of heat transfer are not taken into account in these calculations. Often, the number of radiators is equal to the number of window openings in the room, therefore, the calculated power is divided by the total number of window openings, so you can determine the size of one radiator.

It should be remembered that there is no need to make a calculation for the entire apartment, because each room has its own heating system and requires an individual approach. So if you have a corner room, then about twenty percent more must be added to the resulting power value. The same amount should be added if your heating system is intermittent or has other efficiency disadvantages.

The calculation of the power of heating radiators can be carried out in three ways:

Standard calculation of heating radiators

According to building codes and other rules, it is necessary to spend 100W of power from your radiator per 1 square meter of living space. In this case, the necessary calculations are made using the formula:

C * 100 / P = K, where

K is the power of one section of your radiator battery, according to the declared in its characteristics;

C is the area of ​​the room. It is equal to the product of the length of the room and its width.

For example, a room is 4 meters long and 3.5 meters wide. In this case, its area is: 4 * 3.5 = 14 square meters.

The power of one section of the battery you have chosen is declared by the manufacturer to be 160 watts. We get:

14 * 100/160 = 8.75. the resulting figure must be rounded off and it turns out that such a room will require 9 heating radiator sections. If this is a corner room, then 9 * 1.2 = 10.8, rounded to 11. And if your heating system is not efficient enough, then again add 20 percent of the original number: 9 * 20/100 = 1.8 is rounded to 2.

Total: 11 + 2 = 13. For a corner room with an area of ​​14 square meters, if the heating system works with short-term interruptions, you will need to purchase 13 sections of batteries.

Rough calculation - how many battery sections per square meter

It is based on the fact that heating radiators have certain dimensions during serial production. If the room has a ceiling height of 2.5 meters, then only one radiator section is required for an area of ​​1.8 square meters.

Counting the number of radiator sections for a room with an area of ​​14 square meters is:

14 / 1.8 = 7.8, rounded up to 8. So for a room with a ceiling height of 2.5m, eight radiator sections are needed. It should be borne in mind that this method is not suitable if the heater has a low power (less than 60W) due to the large error.

Volumetric or for non-standard premises

This calculation is used for rooms with high or very low ceilings. Here, the calculation is based on the data that 41W power is required to heat one meter of a cubic room. For this, the formula is applied:

K = O * 41, where:

K - the required number of radiator sections,

O is the volume of the room, it is equal to the product of the height and the width and the length of the room.

If the room has a height of 3.0m; length - 4.0m and width - 3.5m, then the volume of the room is equal to:

3.0 * 4.0 * 3.5 = 42 cubic meters.

The total heat demand for a given room is calculated:

42 * 41 = 1722W, given that one hundred power of one section is 160W, you can calculate the required number by dividing the total power requirement by the power of one section: 1722/160 = 10.8, rounded to 11 sections.

If radiators are selected that are not divided into sections, the total number must be divided by the capacity of one radiator.

It is better to round the obtained data upwards, since manufacturers sometimes overestimate the declared power.

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Calculation of the number of heating radiator sections - why you need to know it

At first glance, it is easy to calculate how many radiator sections to install in a given room. The larger the room, the more sections the radiator should consist of. But in practice, how warm it will be in a particular room depends on more than a dozen factors. Taking them into account, it is possible to calculate the required amount of heat from radiators much more accurately.

General information

The heat dissipation of one section of the radiator is indicated in the technical characteristics of products from any manufacturer. The number of radiators in a room usually corresponds to the number of windows. Most often, radiators are located under the windows. Their dimensions depend on the area of ​​the free wall between the window and the floor. It should be borne in mind that the radiator must be lowered at least 10 cm from the window sill. And the distance between the floor and the lower line of the radiator must be at least 6 cm. These parameters determine the height of the device.

Heat transfer of one section of a cast-iron radiator is 140 watts, more modern metal - from 170 and above.

You can calculate the number of sections of heating radiators, leaving the area of ​​the room or its volume.

According to the norms, it is believed that 100 watts of thermal energy is needed to heat one square meter of the room. If we proceed from the volume, then the amount of heat per 1 cubic meter will be at least 41 watts.

But none of these methods will be accurate if you do not take into account the characteristics of a particular room, the number and size of windows, the material of the walls, and much more. Therefore, calculating the radiator sections according to the standard formula, we will add the coefficients created by this or that condition.

Room area - calculation of the number of heating radiator sections

This calculation is usually applied to premises located in standard panel residential buildings with a ceiling height of up to 2.6 meters.

The area of ​​the room is multiplied by 100 (the amount of heat for 1m2) and is divided by the heat transfer of one section of the radiator indicated by the manufacturer. For example: the area of ​​the room is 22 m2, the heat transfer of one section of the radiator is 170 watts.

22X100 / 170 = 12.9

This room needs 13 radiator sections.

If one section of the radiator has 190 watts of heat transfer, then we get 22X100 / 180 = 11.57, that is, you can limit yourself to 12 sections.

You need to add 20% to the calculations if the room has a balcony or is located at the end of the house. A battery installed in a niche will reduce heat transfer by another 15%. But the kitchen will be 10-15% warmer.

We make calculations on the volume of the room

For a panel house with a standard ceiling height, as mentioned above, heat is calculated based on the need for 41 watts per 1m3. But if the house is new, brick, double-glazed windows are installed in it, and the outer walls are insulated, then you need 34 watts per 1m3.

The formula for calculating the number of radiator sections looks like this: the volume (area multiplied by the ceiling height) is multiplied by 41 or 34 (depending on the type of house) and divided by the heat transfer of one radiator section specified in the manufacturer's passport.

For example:

Room area 18 m2, ceiling height 2, 6 m. The house is a typical panel building. Heat transfer of one section of the radiator - 170 watts.

18X2.6X41 / 170 = 11.2. So, we need 11 radiator sections. This is provided that the room is not angular and there is no balcony in it, otherwise it is better to install 12 sections.

We will calculate as accurately as possible

And here is the formula by which you can calculate the number of radiator sections as accurately as possible:

The area of ​​the room is multiplied by 100 watts and by the coefficients q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6, q7 and divided by the heat transfer of one radiator section.

More about these ratios:

q1 - type of glazing: with triple glazing the coefficient will be 0.85, with double glazing - 1 and with ordinary glazing - 1.27.

q2 - wall insulation:

• modern thermal insulation - 0.85;
• masonry in 2 bricks with insulation - 1;
• non-insulated walls - 1.27.

q3 is the ratio of the areas of windows and floor:

• 10% - 0,8;
• 30% - 1;
• 50% - 1,2.

q4 - minimum outside temperature:

• -10 degrees - 0.7;
• -20 degrees - 1.1;
• -35 degrees - 1.5.

q5 is the number of external walls:

q6 is the type of room that is located above the calculated one:

• heated - 0.8;
• heated attic - 0.9;
• unheated attic - 1.

q7 - ceiling height:

• 2,5 – 1;
• 3 – 1,05;
• 3,5 – 1,1.

If all of the above factors are taken into account, it will be possible to calculate the number of radiator sections in the room as accurately as possible.

semidelov.ru

Calculation of the standard for heat consumption

Dear Igor Viktorovich!

I asked your specialists for data on the definition of standards for heat consumption. The answer was received. But he also contacted the MPEI, where they also gave a link to the calculations. I quote it:

Borisov Konstantin Borisovich.

Moscow Power Engineering Institute (Technical University)

To calculate the rate of heat consumption for heating, you must use the following document:

Resolution No. 306 "Rules for establishing and determining standards for the consumption of utilities" (Formula 6 - "Formula for calculating the heating standard"; Table 7 - "The value of the standardized specific heat consumption for heating an apartment building or residential building").

To determine the payment for heating for a dwelling (apartment), you must use the following document:

Resolution No. 307 "Rules for the provision of communal services to citizens" (Appendix No. 2 - "Calculation of the amount of payment for utilities", formula 1).

In principle, the very calculation of the standard of heat consumption for heating an apartment and determining the payment for heating is not difficult.

If you want, let's try to roughly (roughly) estimate the main numbers:

1) The maximum hourly heating heat load of your apartment is determined:

Qmax = Qsp * Sq = 74 * 74 = 5476 kcal / h

Qsp = 74 kcal / h - standardized specific consumption of heat energy for heating 1 sq. m apartment building.

The value of Qud is taken according to table 1 for buildings built before 1999, with a height (number of storeys) of 5-9 floors at an outside air temperature Tnro = -32 C (for the city K).

Sq = 74 sq. m - the total area of ​​the premises of the apartment.

2) The amount of heat energy required to heat your apartment during the year is calculated:

Qav = Qmax × [(Tv-Tav.o) / (Tv-Tnro)] × No × 24 = 5476 × [(20 - (- 5.2)) / (20 - (- 32))] × 215 * 24 = 13 693 369 kcal = 13.693 Gcal

Tv = 20 C - the standard value of the internal air temperature in the living quarters (apartments) of the building;

Tav.o = -5.2 C - outside air temperature, average for the heating period (for the city K);

Nо = 215 days - the duration of the heating period (for the city K).

3) The standard for heating is calculated for 1 sq. meters:

Heating_Rate = Qav / (12 × Sq) = 13.693 / (12 × 74) = 0.0154 Gcal / m2

4) The payment for heating the apartment is determined according to the standard:

Ro = Skv × Heating_Rate × Heat_Rate = 74 × 0.0154 × 1223.31 = 1394 rubles

The data are taken for the city of Kazan.

Following this calculation and with reference specifically to house number 55 in Vaskovo, with the introduction of the parameters of this structure, we get:

Arkhangelsk

177 - 8 253 -4.4 273 -3.4

12124.2 × (20 - (- 8) / 20 - (- 45) × 273 × 24 = 14.622 ... / (12 = 72.6) = 0.0168

0.0168 - this is exactly the standard we get when calculating, and it is precisely the most severe climatic conditions that are taken into account: the temperature is -45, the length of the heating period is 273 days.

I understand perfectly well that deputies who are not specialists in the field of heat supply can be asked to introduce a standard of 0.0263.

But calculations are given, which indicate that the standard of 0.0387 is the only correct one, and this raises very big doubts.

Therefore, I kindly ask you to recalculate the standards for heat supply of residential buildings No. 54 and 55 in the Vaskovo settlement to the corresponding values ​​of 0.0168, since in the near future it is not planned to install heat meters in their residential buildings, but pay 5,300 rubles for heat supply very expensive.

Best regards, Alexey Veniaminovich Popov.

www.orlov29.ru

How to calculate a home heating system?

In the process of developing a heating system project, one of the key points is the thermal power of the batteries. This is necessary in order to ensure the temperature required by the sanitary standards of the Russian Federation inside the dwelling from +22 ° C. But the devices differ from each other not only in the material of manufacture, dimensions, but also in the amount of heat energy released per 1 sq. m. Therefore, before purchasing, the calculation of radiators is carried out.

Where to start

The optimal microclimate in the living space is ensured by correctly selected radiators. The manufacturer encloses a technical data sheet with each product. It indicates the power of a radiator of any kind, based on the size of one section or block. This information is important for calculating the dimensions of the unit, their number, taking into account some other factors.

From SNiP 41-01-2003 it is known that the heat flow entering rooms and kitchens should be taken at least 10 W per 1 m2 of floor, that is, the calculation of the heating system of a private house is simple - you need to take the nominal power of the battery, estimate the area of ​​the apartment and calculate the number of radiators. But everything is much more complicated: it is selected not by square meters, but by such a parameter as thermal loss. Causes:

1. The task of the heating structure is to compensate for the heat losses of the housing and raise the temperature inside to a comfortable one. The most active heat escapes through window openings and cold walls. At the same time, a house insulated according to the rules without drafts requires much less radiator power.

2. The calculation includes:

• ceiling height;
• region of residence: the average street temperature in Yakutia is -40 ° С, in Moscow - -6 ° С. Accordingly, the size and power of the radiators must be different;
• ventilation system;
• composition and thickness of the enclosing structures.

Having received a given value, they begin to calculate the key parameters.

How to correctly calculate the power and the number of sections

Heating equipment sellers prefer to focus on the average values ​​specified in the instructions for the device. That is, if it is indicated that 1 segment of an aluminum battery can heat up to 2 sq. m premises, then additional calculations are not required, but this is not the case. During the tests, conditions are taken that are close to ideal: the temperature at the inlet is at least +70 or +90 ° C, the return temperature is +55 or +70 ° C, the internal temperature is +20 ° C, the insulation of the enclosing structures complies with SNiPs. In reality, the situation is very different.

• Rare CHP plants maintain a constant temperature corresponding to 90/70 or 70/55.
• Boilers used for heating a private house do not give out more than +85 ° C, therefore, until the coolant reaches the radiator, the temperature drops by a few more degrees.
• Aluminum batteries have the highest power - up to 200 watts. But they cannot be used in a centralized system. Bimetallic - on average about 150 W, cast iron - up to 120.

1. Calculation by area.

In different sources, you can find both a highly simplified calculation of the power of a heating battery per square meter, and a very complex one with the inclusion of logarithmic functions. The first is based on the axiom: 100 W of heat is needed per 1 m2 of floor. The standard must be multiplied by the area of ​​the room, and the required intensity of the radiator is obtained. The value is divided by the cardinality of 1 section - the required number of segments is found.

There is a 4 x 5 room, Global bimetallic radiators with a 150 W segment. Power = 20 x 100 = 2000 W. Number of sections = 2000/150 = 13.3.

Calculation of the number of sections of bimetallic radiators shows that for this example 14 nodes are required. An impressive accordion will be placed under the window. Obviously, this technique is very conditional. First, the volume of the room, thermal losses through the outer walls and window openings are not taken into account. Secondly, the “100 to 1” standard is the result of a complex but outdated engineering heat engineering calculation for a certain type of structure with rigid parameters (dimensions, thickness and material of partitions, insulation, roofing, etc.). For most dwellings, the rule is not suitable, and the result of its application will be insufficient or excessive heating (depending on the degree of insulation of the house). To check the correctness of the calculations, we will take complex calculation techniques.

2. Calculation for heat loss.

The calculation formula includes average correction factors and is expressed as follows:

Q = (22 + 0.54Dt) (Sp + Sns + 2So), where:

• Q is the required heat transfer from radiators, W;
• Dt is the difference between the indoor air temperature and the calculated outdoor temperature, deg;
• Sp is the floor area, m2;
• Sns - wall area outside, m2;
• So is the area of ​​window openings, m2.

Number of sections:

• X = Q / N
• where Q is the heat loss of the room;
• N is the power of 1 segment.

There is a room 4 x 5 x 2.5 m, a window opening of 1.2 x 1, one outer wall, Global bimetallic radiators with a section power of 150 W. Thermal conductivity coefficient according to SNiP - 2.5. Air temperature - -10 ° С; inside - +20 ° С.

• Q = (22 + 0.54 x 30) x (20 + 10 + 2.4) = 1237.68 W.
• Number of sections = 1237.68 / 150 = 8.25.

We round up to the nearest whole, we get 9 sections. You can check another version of the calculation with climatic coefficients.

3. Calculation of the heat loss of the room according to SNiP "Construction climatology" 23-01-99.

First you need to calculate the level of thermal loss of the room through the outer and inner walls. The same indicator is calculated separately for window openings and doors.

Q = F x k thermal conductivity x (tvn-tnar), where:

• F is the area of ​​external enclosures minus window openings, m2;
• k - taken according to SNiP "Construction climatology" 23-01-99, W / m2K;
• tvn - indoor temperature, on average, the value is taken from +18 to +22 ° С;
• tnar is the outside air temperature, the value is taken from the same SNiP or on the website of the city's meteorological service.

The results obtained for walls and openings are added up, and the total amount of heat loss comes out.

And they have repeatedly pointed out the illegality of using such a coefficient.

However, the above ruling reads:

"Establish that if the payment for heating by the population is produced
was carried out monthly (in equal shares) during the calendar year, taking into account the standard (0.016 Gcal per 1 sq. m), then the volume of thermal energy
power supplied during the heating season for heating needs until the day
the entry into force of this resolution, determined taking into account
a ratio other than the ratio of the length of the calendar year in months to the duration of the heating period in months (12/7) is subject to revision taking into account the ratio 12/7. "

The consequences of such "legalization" are not difficult to predict.

The coefficient is 12/7, increases the monthly standard for the consumption of thermal energy 12/7 times from 0.016 Gcal / sq. up to 0.027 Gcal / sq., that is, by 59%

While the Rules for calculating the amount of payment for utility services for heating (approved by the RF Government Decree of August 27, 2012 N 857), with amendments and additions dated September 10, 2013, has already approved the calculation method with a 7/12 coefficient:

1. If a public authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation makes a decision on consumers to pay for utility services for heating evenly for all billing months of the calendar year, the amount of payment for utility services for heating is determined using the coefficient of frequency of payments by consumers for utility services for heating (hereinafter - coefficient of frequency of payment), determined by dividing the number of months of the heating period in a year by the number of calendar months in a year. In this case, the heating utility bills are charged in each billing period of the calendar year.

2. The calculation of the amount of payment for utility services for heating is carried out in the following order:

a) the amount of payment for the utility service for heating in the i-th residential building not equipped with an individual metering device for heat energy, as well as the amount of payment for the utility service for heating in the i-th residential building not equipped with an individual or general (apartment) metering device for heat energy (apartment) or non-residential premises in an apartment building that is not equipped with a collective (common house) heat energy meter is determined by the following formula 1:

The total area of ​​the i-th dwelling (apartment) or non-dwelling;

The rate of consumption of utility services for heating in a residential building, established in accordance with the Rules for the establishment and determination of standards for the consumption of utilities, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation of May 23, 2006 N 306;

K - the coefficient of the frequency of payment, determined in accordance with paragraph 1 of these Rules;

Heat tariff established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

That is, this is a 7/12 ratio, not 12/7!

At the same time, amendments have already been made to the acts of the Government of the Russian Federation on the provision of utilities (approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 16, 2013 N 344)

1.In the Rules for the Establishment and Determination of the Norms for the Consumption of Utilities, approved by the decree of the Government of the Russian

Federation of May 23, 2006 N 306 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2006, N 22, Art. 2338; 2012, N 15, Art. 1783):

supplement with paragraph 3.1 of the following content:

3.1. If it is technically possible to install collective (common house) metering devices, the standard for the consumption of communal services for heating in residential premises is determined by formula 5, taking into account the increasing coefficient, which is:

since 2017 - 1.6.

Housing associations of Moscow on the recognition of P, which legalized an increasing coefficient of 12/7, contrary to the current federal legislation.